Cse Journals #13, 20, 24, 28 - 2038 Words

Donna Bennett CSE 1101 Sec. 110 December 1, 2010 Journal Entries # 13, # 20, # 24, # 28 Donna Bennett CSE 1101 Sec. 110 December 1, 2010 Journal Entry # 13 In this activity, you’ll explore how you could improve your present self management system. By becoming more effective and efficient in the use of time, you’ll complete a greater number of important actions and maximize your chances of attaining your goals and dreams. 1. Write about the system (or lack of system) that you presently use to decide what you will do each day. There is no â€Å"wrong† answer, so don’t let your Inner Critic or Inner Defender get involved. Consider questions such as how you know what homework to do, when to prepare for tests, what classes to attend, and†¦show more content†¦I knew at this point that if I didn’t get out my son and I would have been killed. As a result I saved my life, my son’s life, and my husband’s life so he wouldn’t spend the rest of his life in prison. This choice which was not easy, to make and was a very scary decision but turned out to be the right choice. Even though my husband and I no longer communicate my son has a great relationship with his father and his family today. 2. Write about an area of your life in which you are off course today. If you need help in identifying an area, review your desired outcomes and experiences from Journal Entry 8 and your goals and dreams from Journal entry 9. Explain which area of your life is furthest from the way you would like it to be. What choices have you made that got you off course? What will be the effect on your life if you continue to stay off course? The fact that you’ve made positive changes in the past is a good reminder that you have the personal strengths to make similar changes whenever you wish. All you need is the awareness that you’re off course and the motivation to make new choices. I am on the right course in my education I think. Sometimes it just seems like I am going to be in a community college forever, and it is so far to my next goal which is the university. I just need to be patient is all because I can only do so many courses in a term withoutShow MoreRelatedStudent-Teacher Relationships in Teacher Program Education s629 Words   |  3 PagesTeacher Education, 24(8), 2132-2145. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. Bruner, J. S. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18, 1-21. Carnot, M. J., Stewart, D. (2006). Using concept maps in college level psychology and social work classes. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping. San Jose, Costa Rica. Retrieved on December 13, 2013 from http://cmcRead MoreShortcut5729 Words   |  23 Pagesthe executive management team. Below in there are directors, executive directors and general manager. Under the direct super vision of the general manager a number of departments are controlled. ACRONYMS ( DSE ) = Dhaka Stock Exchange (CSE) = Chittagong Stock Exchange (WTO) = World Trade Organization (EPS) = Earning Per Share (SWOT) = Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats (BATEXPO) = Bangladesh Apparel Textile Exposition References Read MoreBangladesh Capital Market Problems Prospects10444 Words   |  42 PagesSection: A Department of Finance University of Dhaka Table of Contents Chapter No. | Name of the Chapter | Page No. | 1. | Introduction | 5 | 2. | Capital Market Concepts | 6-16 | 3. | 2011 Bangladesh Capital Market Scam | 17-20 | 4. | Problems of Capital Market | 21-25 | 5. | Prospects, Possibilities and Challenges of Bangladesh Capital Market | 26-32 | 6. | Opportunities and Recommendations | 33-36 | 7. | Conclusion | 37-38 | 8. | Appendix | 39-40Read MoreCoca Cola Micro Macro Factors4499 Words   |  18 PagesBrazilians. The shares rose the most in almost a year. Net income increased 13 percent to $1.65 billion, or 71 cents a share, beating the average estimate of analysts by 3 cents. Sales jumped 19 percent to $7.69 billion, the company, based in Atlanta, said. The focus of the chief executive, Neville Isdell, on new drinks and on rising demand in China and Brazil could result in the biggest increase in annual revenue in 13 years. To overcome falling U.S. soda sales, the company bought Vitaminwater flavoredRead MoreAre There Any Aspects of Bp’s Ethical Culture That Could Have Contributed to the Gulf Coast Oil Spill Disaster?8553 Words   |  35 Pagessustainability and the need to move beyond nonrenewable energy sources. When a company tries to reposition itself as socially responsible and sustainable, it has an obligation to attempt to fulfill those policies. However, BP’s efforts backfired when on April 20, 2010 the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, operated under the oversight of BP, created one of the greatest offshore oil disasters in history. This unfortunate event has made BP the poster boy for negligence and environmental degradation.Read MoreCloud Service Providers Ranking System Using Ontology3262 Words   |  14 PagesA Cloud Service Providers Ranking System Using Ontology K.Niha, M.Tech Dr. W.Aisha Banu, Professor Ruby Annette, Research Scholar Department of CSE Department of CSE Department of IT B.S.Abdur Rahman University B.S.Abdur Rahman University B.S.Abdur Rahman University Vandalur, Chennai, India Vandalur, Chennai, India Vandalur, Chennai, India niha.k.cse@gmail.com aisha@bsauniv.ac.in Rubysubash2010@gmail.com Abstract—Cloud services play an important role in IT industries and enable the access ofRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pagesover its secret formula for Coca-Cola and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA).[12]  In 1993, the company (along with  PepsiCo) returned after the introduction of India s  Liberalization  policy.[13] ------------------------------------------------- Environmental issues[edit] Cartoon by  Carlos Latuff, on concerns in India. In  India, there exists widespread concern over how Coca-Cola is produced. In particular, it is feared that the waterRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Thesis Essay8348 Words   |  34 Pageswill when they are placed in the real world. They quickly learn that even in grocery stores math skills are necessary. Thankfully, the NCLB places a high importance on mathematics. In fact, it may be the primary focus. An article in the Wall Street Journal stated that â€Å"States typically have far higher standards for math than for reading† (Finn, 2007, para. 6). The U.S. Department of Education claims that â€Å"[m]ath is a critical skill in the information age. We must improve achievement to maintain ourRead MoreCustomer Retention in Telecom Industry5857 Words   |  24 Pageswith just US $ 282 billion in 2000 (Kotler and Armstrong, 2005). According a recent report of Boston Consultancy Group, by 2005 this has exceeded US $6.8 trillion. A recent report (National Geography, December, 20 07) states that US shops experienced 20% drop in customers visiting them, mainly due to on-line ordering. With regard to availability of ICT services in Sri Lanka, Dassanayake (2003) suggests that changing development and competitive dynamism have created backward and forward integrationRead MoreSelected Topics24764 Words   |  100 Pagestraded in securities on the stockmarket? YES/NO 2). For research reasons, please indicate whether you are male or female? MALE/FEMALE 3). For research reasons, please indicate which age bands applies to you? 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 4). Please use one of the words below to describe how often you check your Portfolio/Shares? INFREQUENT OCCASIONAL FREQUENT (every few weeks) (every week or few

Runescape Free Essays

An essay on Runescape The issues involving Runescape has been a popular topic amongst scholars for many years. I find my self constantly drawn back to the subject of Runescape. While much has been written on its influence on contemporary living, it is important to remember that ‘what goes up must come down. We will write a custom essay sample on Runescape or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ Crossing many cultural barriers it still draws remarks such as ‘I wouldn’t touch it with a barge pole’ and ‘i’d rather eat wasps’ from socialists, who just don’t like that sort of thing. Relax, sit back and gasp as I display the rich tapestries of Runescape. Social Factors Society is our own everyday reality. When Sir Bernard Chivilary said ‘hounds will feast on society’ [1] he, contrary to my learned colleague Sir George Allen’s recent publication ‘Into the eye of , could not have been referring to eighteenth century beliefs regarding society. A child’s approach to Runescape smells of success. Of paramount importance to any study of Runescape within its context, is understanding the ideals of society. Clearly it promotes higher individualism and obeyence of instinct. As soon as a child meets Runescape they are changed. Economic Factors Is unemployment inherently bad for an economy? Yes. We will primarily be focusing on the Fish-Out-Of-Water model. Taking special care to highlight the role of Runescape within the vast framework which this provides. Housing Prices (i had a graph here comparing housing to runescape with a line going upwards) Indisputably there is a link. How can this be explained? Clearly housing prices looms over Runescape this cannot be a coincidence. What it all comes down to is money. Capitalists love Runescape. Political Factors Politics, we all agree, is a fact of life. Placing theory on the scales of justice and weighing it against practice can produce similar results to contrasting 0 To quote nobel prize winner Xaviera Rock ‘Taking a walk across hot coals will inevitably hurt your feet. ‘ [2] This clearly illustrates the primary concern of those involved with Runescape. Both spectacular failure and unequaled political accomplishment may be accredited to Runescape. I hope, for our sake that Runescape will endure. Conclusion We can conclude that the Runescape is both a need and a want. It enlightens our daily lives, invades where necessary and never hides. Let’s finish with a thought from star Uma Morissette: ‘I love Runescape? Yes! Hurray for Runescape! ‘ [3] How to cite Runescape, Essay examples

Organization Description Enron Corporation an American Energy Company Essay Sample free essay sample

Enron Corporation was an American energy company based in Houston. TX. Before the company went bankrupt in late 2001. Enron had 22. 000 employees and was one of the world’s taking electricity. natural gas. mush and paper. and communications companies. In 2000. Enron reported grosss of practically $ 101 billion. In November 1999. Enron launched their newest undertaking Enron Online which was the first web-based dealing system that permitted purchasers and Sellerss to purchase. sell. and trade merchandises globally. This was the first of assorted web-based concerns. At the terminal of 2001. a find of holding high net incomes were based on an institutionalized. systematic. and creatively planned accounting fraud were acknowledged on Enron studies. Enron’s stock plummeted and Enron employees and investors in pension financess lost over 20 five billion dollars. Enron has since become a widespread representation of wilful corporate fraud and corruptness. The dirt is a precede nt instance in the field of concern fraud and developed inquiring of the accounting patterns of many corporations throughout the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Description: Enron Corporation an American Energy Company Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Enron’s failure contributed to the formation of the U. S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act. besides known as SOX. signed into jurisprudence on July 30. 2002 ( Healy. 2003 ) . Accounting Ethical Breach Arthur Andersen served Enron as an hearer and a adviser. For two old ages Andersen to boot worked as internal hearer for Enron. Andersen reviewed his ain work as internal hearer. Andersen assisted Enron by making originative accounting tools and assisting set up legion particular purpose entities. With the aid of Andersen. Enron successfully omitted around 50 per centum of its assets selling them to legion fabricated houses. Enron was able to show increased net incomes on their fiscal statements every accounting day of the month. Many of the trades included concealed warrants of no commercial hazard for the entities buying the assets. Therefore. Enron guaranteed to purchase back the assets. hedged the prepaid contracts with stock options. or offered a rate of return. Andersen. the adult male who should’ve been supervising and oversing the fiscal activities and corporate behaviour. had converted into a portion of the Enron dirt. Andersen received 52 million in fees in 2000 but less than 50 % was paid for accounting services. Andersen scheme was to offer both confer withing and accounting services combined so he non merely audited the company but he besides advised the company on investings. The individual commanding your investings should non be the individual who is scrutinizing your investings ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Impact to the Organization Once things took a bend in the incorrect way. Enron publicized its purpose that during the 3rd one-fourth of 2001. the company would take a loss of $ 1. 01 billion while at the same clip. cut down shareholders’ financess by $ 1. 2 billion as a consequence of rectifying accounting mistakes in the yesteryear ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Enron forces and shareholders in pension financess lost over 20 five billion dollars. Thousands of Enron workers and stakeholders lost everything. all their nest eggs. children’s college financess. and pensions when Enron collapsed ( Healy. 2003 ) . Enron’s 22. 000 employees lost their occupations. As a consequence of the fraud probes. the company was forced to register for bankruptcy in December 2001 ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Detection of Ethical Issues Sharon Watkins. the whistle blower of Enron. expressed her fright of Enron go offing in a memo addressed to Kenneth Lay. the laminitis proprietor and CEO of the corporation. Her memo was held as unproved ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Ms. Watkins noticed in Late October of 2001 that the hard currency flow from operations were virtually nonexistent until each 4th one-fourth. predictable net incomes declined significantly from 1997 until the prostration. the turnover rate of top executives started increasing. and unclear party related revelations ( Watkins. 2003 ) . There was besides a study from Off Wall Street Consulting Group March 6 2001 declaring fake accounting by Enron but this article was non taken earnestly ( Ablander. 2005 ) . The Commission reacted to remarks in the imperativeness about the houses jobs and opened an enforcement probe during the 3rd one-fourth of 2001 ( McNamar. 2003 ) . Managements Failure Enron hired aggressive and determined directors and paid them handsomely. Enron enforced the inducement of self-enrichment and greed for amazing payment ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Money is non merely the root of all immoralities but it besides the swayer of this universe. Many calling picks and occupation chances are chosen based on the wage the employee will be having. In Enron’s instance. the direction squad handed out fillips like confect on Halloween or like gifts on Christmas. The employees were given immense fillips for shutting trades ; nevertheless. many of the trades closed damaged Enron in the terminal. Within the last three old ages. before the company went bankrupt. the top executives received $ 1. 1 billion in stock options. Enron was the line of life of the company so direction would distort paperss in order to do the company’s fiscal state of affairs expression appealing. Many senior direction functionaries cashed in their stock options and fled before the comp any crashed. The sarcasm of market hazards and oblivion against all signifiers of disapprobation prohibited directors from believing realistically ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Histories Impacted There are legion histories that were affected by Enron disgraceful activity. Enron booked loans as prepays without booking them as a liability on their statements. Besides. Enron entered into contracts with companies to present oil or gas development unearned grosss with no purpose to present the services due. The postpaid forward contracts had been hedged by stock options in which most of the stock options were for Enron stock and every bit long as Enron’s stock monetary values improved Enron could increase its hard currency flow without come ining any debt onto the balance sheet. With the aid of Arthur Anderson. which was the CFO of Enron. the company was able to make a batch of originative accounting tools and set up legion fabricated entities ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Resulting Impact The dirt quickly extended beyond Enron and everyone once associated with them. The Arthur Andersen LLP test on charges of obstructor of justness refering Enron aided in picturing accounting fraud at WorldCom. The wining bankruptcy of WorldCom sparked a motion of other accounting dirts that immersed a batch of companies. uncovering high-ranking corruptness. accounting mistakes. and insider trading. However. Enron was the largest bankruptcy in history at the clip of their prostration. Since the prostration. Enron has been obscured by the ruin of WorldCom and the failure of Lehman Brothers. The Enron dirt added to the formation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This Act is considered to be the most notable change to federal securities Torahs since Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal in the 1930’s. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act delivers stronger effects for fraud and requires public companies to maneuver clear of bring forthing loans to direction. to describe extra informations to the populace. to prolong sturdier independency from their hearers. and to describe and scrutinize their fiscal internal control processs. Assorted states have besides embraced new corporate administration statute law ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Recommendations No system of controls can prevent all error but a company can turn out that it has fulfilled its responsibility to implement respectable processs and work moralss ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Corporations were obligated to register a 10 ( K ) with the SEC every four old ages. Enron last filed with the SEC April 1998 which was examined by an SEC staff member. Even a brief appraisal of its 10 ( K ) or 10 ( Q ) disclosures by another auditing house would hold raised inquiries about Enron’s concern patterns every bit good as the off balance sheet minutess. If another house had been asked to analyze any of Enron’s 10 ( K ) filings from 1992 to 2001. the hearers would hold created a review of the revelations that would hold caused the SEC Corporate Finance Department to originate a serious probe into Enron’s fiscal position. This would’ve led to implemented agreements that would’ve stopped Enron’s doubtful patterns manner before 2001 ( McNamar. 2003 ) .

Storytelling Essay Example

Storytelling Essay Storytelling can be regarded as the foundation of contemporary literature. A narrative is a fundamental element of any literary, cultural, or historical discourse. However, a narrative shouldn’t be regarded as a simplified version of literature. For example, Alice Walker’s ‘Everyday use’ touches upon a great variety of issues, ranging from family values to the national pride and identity. However, the distinctive feature of a narrative is the fact that the reader can relate to the character of the story. In ‘Everyday use,’ Dee as a central character of the story and proper understanding of her nature, her life, her challenges and ambitions id extremely essential for grasping the idea and the spirit of Walker’s story. The same is true about Emily Grierson from ‘A Rose for Emily.’ While the historical and cultural circumstances may be strikingly different nowadays, the same stories of love, loneliness, and commitment are familiar to all readers. At the same time, a narrative should have a personal flavor. In ‘Sonny’s Blues,’ the story is told in the first person. This literary device adds more credibility to the author’s writing and makes the reader more compassionate and empathic. In addition, a good short story should delve into the hidden (or often even unconscious) feeling of the protagonist. In ‘AP,’ the author succeeds in conveying Sammy’s thoughts and emotions he experiences when the girls enter the store. We will write a custom essay sample on Storytelling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Storytelling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Storytelling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, a good story should be something a reader can refer to; at the same time, it should be representative of the bigger picture of social problems and developments; finally, it should be illustrative of the inner world of the characters.

Post 6 Example

Post 6 Example Post 6 – Coursework Example Instructress: I was really shocked, when I viewed these photos for the first time because I have not seen such pictures of men before. These photos typically contradict with the nature because men are considered as a symbol of power and strength in the society, while the photo album shows an opposite aspect of the picture. Here in these photos all the men were placed in â€Å"pin-up girl† poses, which was absolutely opposite to the role and position of men in the society. Women are by nature weak and attractive, therefore in such poses they look attractive and sexy. However, men are not supposed to possess such qualities and if they are captured even in such poses, it will make no sense rather they will be perceived as a funny thing by the audience. These paragraphs explain the relationship between the gender and power in the society. It says that how the norms and culture of a society affects the role of opposite sexes and how it shapes the extent of power that can be exercis ed by each gender. Research shows that from the ancient societies of the present world, it has been clear that Men are always considered as a symbol of power (Connell). They have the responsibility to look after their families and arrange a suitable life standard for them. Men are not only physically strong, but they also possess strong and intelligent mind level, which is the only reason that majority of the rulers of the world are men. Whereas, women on the other hand, are considered as weak and dependable part of the society and they are supposed to exercise their duties within the prescribed limits. Though, in modern societies, people consider men and women on the same footings, but it’s a universal fact that women are by birth weak and dependable as compared to men.ReferencesConnell, Raewyn.  Gender And Power. 1st ed. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987. Print.

F-8 Crusader in the Vietnam War

F-8 Crusader in the Vietnam War The F-8 Crusader was the last fighter designed for the US Navy that utilized guns as its primary weapon. Entering service in 1957, it saw combat during the Vietnam War both as a fighter and ground attack aircraft. Variants of the F-8 remained in use with the worlds air forces and navies into the 1990s. Background In 1952, the US Navy issued a call for a new fighter to replace its existing aircraft such as the Grumman F-9 Cougar. Requiring a top speed of Mach 1.2 and landing speed of 100 mph or lower, the new fighter was to utilize 20 mm cannons in lieu of the traditional .50 cal. machine guns. This change was made as studies during the Korean War found that .50 cal. machine guns caused insufficient damage. Among the companies to take up the US Navys challenge was Vought. Design Development Led by John Russell Clark, the Vought team created a new design which was designated the V-383. The aircraft incorporated a variable-incidence wing which rotated 7 degrees during take-off and landing. This allowed the aircraft to achieve a higher angle of attack without affecting the pilots visibility. For this innovation, the design team won the 1956 Collier Trophy for achievement in aeronautics. Clarks variable-incidence wing was mounted high on the aircraft which required the use of light, short landing gear that were housed in the V-383s fuselage.   The V-383 was powered by a single Pratt Whitney J57 afterburning turbojet capable of 18,000 lbs. of thrust at full power. This gave the aircraft a top speed in excess of 1,000 mph and the type would become the first American fighter to achieve such speeds. Unlike future fighters, the V-383s afterburner lacked zones and could only be employed at full power. Responding to the Navys armament requirements, Clark armed the new fighter with four 20 mm cannons. To supplement the guns, he added cheek pylons for two AIM-9 Sidewinder missile  and a retractable tray for 32 Mighty Mouse FFARs (unguided folding fin aerial rockets). This initial emphasis on guns made the F-8 the last American fighter to have guns as its principal weapons system. Competition Entering the Navys competition, Vought faced challenges from the Grumman F-11 Tiger, the McDonnell F3H Demon (a precursor of the F-4 Phantom II), and the North American Super Fury (a carrier version of the F-100 Super Sabre).  Through the spring of 1953, the Vought design proved its superiority and the V-383 was named the winner in May. The F-11 Tiger also moved ahead to production though its career proved short due to issues with its J56 engines and the Vought aircrafts superior performance. The following month, the Navy placed a contract for three prototypes under the designation XF8U-1 Crusader. First taking to the skies on March 25, 1955, with John Konrad at the controls, the XF8U-1, the new type performed flawlessly and development progressed rapidly.  As a result the second prototype and the first production model had their inaugural flights on the same day in September 1955. Continuing the accelerated development process, the XF8U-1 began carrier testing on April 4, 1956. Later that year, the aircraft underwent weapons testing and became the first American fighter to break 1,000 mph.   This was the first of several speed records set by the aircraft during its final evaluations. F-8 Crusader - Specifications (F-8E): General Length: 54 ft. 3 in.Wingspan: 35 ft. 8 in.Height: 15 ft. 9 in.Wing Area: 375 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 17,541 lbs.Loaded Weight: 29,000 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney J57-P-20A afterburning turbojetCombat Radius: 450 milesMax Speed: Mach 1.86 (1,225 mph)Ceiling: 58,000 ft. Armament Guns: 4 Ãâ€" 20 mm (0.787 in) Colt Mk 12 cannonsRockets: 8 Ãâ€" Zuni rockets in four twin podsMissiles: 4 Ãâ€" AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, 2 x AGM-12 Bullpup air-to-ground guided missilesBombs: 12 Ãâ€" 250 lb bombs or 4 Ãâ€" 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs or 2Ãâ€" 2,000 lb bombs Operational History In 1957, the F8U entered fleet service with VF-32 at NAS Cecil Field (Florida) and served with the squadron when it deployed to the Mediterranean aboard USS  Saratoga  later that year. Quickly becoming the US Navys top daytime fighter, the F8U proved a difficult aircraft for pilots to master as it suffered from some instability and was unforgiving during landing. Regardless, in a time of rapidly advancing technology, the F8U enjoyed a long career by fighter standards. In September 1962, following the adoption of a unified designation system, the Crusader was re-designated the F-8. The next month, photo reconnaissance variants of the Crusader (RF-8s) flew several dangerous missions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. These began on October 23, 1962 and saw RF-8s fly from Key West to Cuba and then back to Jacksonville. The intelligence collected during these flights confirmed the presence of Soviet missiles on the island.   Flights continued for six weeks and recorded over 160,000 photographs.  On September 3, 1964, the final F-8 fighter was delivered to VF-124 and the Crusaders production run ended. All told, 1,219 F-8s of all variants were built. Vietnam War With the US entry into the Vietnam War, the F-8 became the first US Navy aircraft to routinely battle North Vietnamese MiGs.  Entering combat in April 1965, the F-8s from USS Hancock  (CV-19)  quickly established the aircraft as an agile dogfighter, though despite its last gunfighter moniker, most of its kills came through the use of air-to-air missiles.  This was partly due to the high jam rate of the F-8s Colt Mark 12 cannons. During the conflict, the F-8 achieved a kill ratio of 19:3, as the type downed 16 MiG-17s and 3 MiG-21s. Flying from smaller Essex-class carriers, the F-8 was used in fewer numbers than the larger F-4 Phantom II. The US Marine Corps also operated the Crusader, flying from airfields in South Vietnam.   Though primarily a fighter, F-8s also saw duty in ground attack roles during the conflict. Later Service With the end of the US involvement in Southeast Asia, the F-8 was retained in frontline use by the Navy. In 1976, the last active duty F-8s fighters were retired from VF-191 and VF-194 after nearly two decades of service. The RF-8 photo reconnaissance variant remained in use until 1982, and flew with the Naval Reserve until 1987. In addition to the United States, the F-8 was operated by the French Navy which flew the type from 1964 to 2000, and by the Philippine Air Force from 1977 until 1991.

Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Goals - Essay Example One might ask why, from all places around the globe, did I envision going to Italy. From various informative sources: books, films, magazines, online travel destinations, and friends’ shared experiences, I have slowly marveled at the magnificent attractions that Italy offers. The Language Travel Magazine, for one, indicated that â€Å"Italy is famous for its artistic culture and is an obvious study destination for students wanting to learn more about this rich heritage† (Language Travel Magazine, 2006, p. 1). The country boasts of beautiful cities, historical and structural edifices, the romantic language and the prominent people who were instrumental in contributing talents in the fields of arts, literature, paintings, architecture, and fashion, among others. Apart from all these, the distinct and superb food entrees have been known the world over and entice visitors to delve into a vast array of mouthwatering recipes and savory menus. Due to the enthusiasm and burning desire to reach this highly sought after destination, one actually planned an itinerary of things to do once I arrive in Italy. I will definitely wear my most comfortable shoes to indulge in visiting tourist attractions including the famous vineyards, go shopping, forget dieting, and feast my senses on all the beauty that surround the country. As a marveling tourist, I plan to visit the wonderful art galleries that contain a roster of world renowned paintings by Renaissance architects and painters like Michelangelo Buonarroti, Filippo Brunelleschi, and Leonardo da Vinci, among other talented and creative Italians through time. I definitely see myself as trekking the colosseum in Rome and the Tower of Pisa that both mesmerize me. I aspire to visit the wonderful monuments and antique museums in Sicily, Rome, Florence, and Venice. There are musical concerts

Flashbulb memories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Flashbulb memories - Essay Example This retrieval failure is called Tip Of the Tongue or TOT. Memories are classified as declarative memory and procedural memory. Declarative memory is static and procedural memory is dynamic in nature. Declarative memory describes what things are in the world for instance how to spell words, remembering birthdays etc.; procedural memory describes how to do things in the world for example ride a horse. Flashbulb memories are those memories that are not erased and remains in the memory bank and they seem like as if they just happened. Some memories might change or distorted, but these memories remains in the memory bank. Flashbulb memories are those, which has significant importance in a person's life that cannot be easily forgotten. People's shared experiences could be examined to study flashbulb memories. The examples of flashbulb memories were the assassination of John F. Kennedy, princess Diana's death, Challenger space shuttle disaster, Iraq war, recent terrorists attack, etc. The writer has his share of flashbulb memories. Since childhood the writer has a great crush on one of the pop divas in his country. He almost fell in love with her at the first sight. Since she was popular it was very difficult to meet her. On her countrywide tour she came to the writer's city. At the time of the event the writer managed to skip into her rest room. At first she was astonished but when he explained about his crush she let him to stay with her the whole day.

The De Lacey family Essay Example for Free

The De Lacey family Essay with smiles and caresses. The creature was abandoned at birth, despised, lonely and beaten off by all who met him for his physical differences his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath his appearance turns out to be the cause of all his problems. People are frightened of him, which keeps the monster from making contact with them. This incapability of personal contact and the intense isolation is what indirectly drives the monster to his crimes. The monsters deformities are hideous, however this was the grotesque work of Victor he saw what he was creating though you could argue that he was in no rational state of mind, my loud, unrestrained, heartless laughter frightened him. However, just because this Tragic Heros mind is not in order ,it does not give him the right to abandon his wretched creation without even considering the consequences , the unfortunate creature also tries in vain to bond with his selfish creator his jaws opened and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, but is still abandoned. Victor has the characteristics of Aristotles five point tragic hero, he is an over reacher which obviously makes him floorless he has supreme pride which is a reflection of arrogance and conceit. It seems to demonstrate superiority to fellow human beings and equality with Gods. Victor plays God knowing what he is doing was wrong he does not even address the moral issues properly. Victor also has a capacity for suffering he suffers because he believes in what he is doing and feels guilt and guiltless at the same time, he says himself I shunned my fellow creatures as if I had been guilty of a crime. Our feelings change frequently for both monster and Victor as the story develops we begin to feel anger towards Victor for abandoning his responsibility, then for the monster for killing a helpless child although we later find out that William encouraged the monster and brought it on himself, my pa is a syndic-he is M. Frankenstein-he will punish you this enrages the monster and he acts out of further rejection and his burning rage against Victor. Thinking that a young child would understand him I could seize him and educate him as my friend and companion he did not take pleasure in killing William the child still struggled and loaded me with epithets which carried despair to my heart. It is clear why the monster does this terrible deed, he has no hope left and is a tortured soul, revenge is the only way to make things right . Victor has to pay for what he has done, he needs to feel the pain and despair that fuels the monster, thus begins a vicious circle of revenge and redemption. Shelley toys with our emotions throughout the novel, it is hard to decide exactly where to direct our anger and despair to. Insted we find ourselves taking turns to sympathise with both characters. However, we come to understand the Monsters side of things when we hear him relate his tale to Victor; he explains what life has been like for him, and what events have taken place. Hearing the Monsters side of things changes our whole perception of him. We come to understand that he was not bad from the start; it was the events in his life that moulded and shaped him into the corrupt and lonely creature that he has become. The Monsters first experience is rejection and he is given a very negative start in life being left alone to feel complete desolation, I was a poor, helpless, miserable wretch; I could distinguish nothing; but feeling pain invade me on all sides, I sat down and wept. He has done nothing wrong and does not deserve to be feeling these sorts of emotions, although it shows the reader that he is capable of thinking and feeling. The Monster starts to pick up aspects of life for himself as he has no maternal figures and learns simple concepts I felt light and hunger. He is a very unique and sensitive creature and learns to enjoy the world before he even experiences negative emotions I first discovered that a pleasant sound, which often saluted my ears, proceeded from the throats of the little winged animals. It is clear that the monster enjoys nature just as Victor does. The monster then loses hope and comes to believe that nobody wants to perceive him I escaped to the open country and fearfully took refuge in a low hovel. The creature has tried in vain to communicate with people on several occasions, but is always rejected. We come to understand why the monster is the way he is as he begins to learn by observing the De Lacey family. Through reading novel such as Miltons Paradise Lost he starts wondering about his existence and his isolation because of his apparent uniqueness I was apparently united by no link to any other being in existence. When the monster starts wondering about his origin we are compelled to feel empathy for him. It is obvious that he longs for some kindness, protection and company. These desires become even more evident when he reads the diary that Victor kept during hid creation, the monster learns that Victor was not at all happy with his creation how can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe. This makes the monster feel even more lonely and abhorred, as he realises that his own creator could not even stand to look at him or even give him a real chance before he cowardly ran away to hastily forget about what he had done. As reader we now begin to feel anger towards Victor, it is his fault that the monster feels like this, and it is not fair.

Resource Journals :: essays research papers

Entry# 1 Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of just about everything. He is the national saint of Russia and Greece and churches named after him number in the thousands - more than 400 in Great Britain alone. He is the patron saint of judges, murderers, pawnbrokers, thieves, merchants, paupers, scholars, sailors, bakers, travelers, maidens and poor children. Saint Nicholas was born in the Middle East about 350 miles northwest of Bethlehem in the fourth century. Perhaps the most famous story of all tells how he helped three unfortunate young sisters who all had suitors but had no dowries because their father, a poor nobleman, could not raise the money. So they could not marry. Now the bishop Nicholas was a shy man and did not like to give money directly, so he thought of a way to give it anonymously. When the first daughter was ready to marry, the good bishop tossed a bag of gold into the house at night. Later, when the second daughter and third daughter prepared to marry he did the same thing . But when the third daughter prepared to marry, the poor nobleman was determined to find out who had been so generous. So he kept watch and saw the bishop drop another bag of gold into the house. It has been said that Saint Nicholas climbed on the roof and dropped the third bag of gold down the chimney where it landed in a stocking hung to dry, giving us a reason to hang up Christmas stockings today. Nicholas begged him to keep the secret, but, of course, the news got out. From then on, whenever anyone received an unexpected gift, they thanked Nicholas. Six hundred years later, the Russian Emperor Vladimir visited Constantinople and heard all the wonderful stories about Bishop Nicholas and decided to make him the patron saint of Russia. The stories even spread to the Lapland’s - to the people of the reindeer sleds. Statutes and pictures had shown him holding the three bags and when taken as the patron saint of the merchants, the bags became gold balls, representing moneylend ers and today, pawnbrokers in Italy. The anniversary of Nicholas' death, December 6th, either 345 A.D. or 352 A.D., is so close to Christmas that, in many countries, the two merged. I think Saint Nicholas is the helper of all that lives; from criminals to babies. Anyone who needed help he would help.

Week 2- Camelbak

Written Assignment: Camel Back Foundations of Marketing: BA181 Instructor: Stacey Smeltzer Grantham University William Hornung Student ID#: G00079415 January 1, 2012 Camel Back -They’ve Got Your ’Bak. – Case Study Analysis The case study is to understand the importance of the CamelBak. CamelBak Products, LLC is an outdoors equipment company known primarily for its hydration products, such as hydration packs and water bottles. CamelBak is also a supplier of hydration packs, protective gear, and other products to the U. S. military and law enforcement agencies around the world. The CamelBak headquarters are in Petaluma, California. CamelBak is the leading manufacturer of hydration packs. The CamelBak name comes from a play on the myth that a camel stores water in its hump. Camels actually store fat in their hump. CamelBak Given Facts in the case: 1. In 1989, Michael Eidson, has invented CamelBak for overcoming dehydration. 2. The first version, which used medical tubing to flow water from an intravenous drip bag that was insulated by a sock and strapped to the back of his shirt, was born as most inventions are—out of necessity. . The packs gained fame during the 1991 Gulf War as extreme sports enthusiasts in the U. S. Special Forces carried their personal CamelBaks into combat during Desert Storm. 4. By 1995, Edison sold the company for $4 million. Kransco has purchased it. 5. In 1999, two years after buying his first CamelBak pack, cyclist Chuck Hunter left Lockheed Martin to join the upstart company in hopes of growing its military business. 6. Hun ter partnered with DuPont to help CamelBak develop the Low Infrared Reflective (LIRR) system. 7. Other CamelBak innovations include the Water Beast reservoir, a fluid storage system that boasts 30 percent more rigidity than other packs on the market. 8. Another CamelBak first is its CBR 4. 0 pack system, which is specially designed to perform under chemical or biological weapons attack. 9. The product manager Shawn Cullen likens CamelBak to Kleenex: â€Å"Everyone calls a hydration system a CamelBak,† he says. 10. U. S. Army is working with a former supplier to develop its own version, most likely in an attempt to reduce costs. Questions: 1. Discuss how business relationships and strategic partnerships have helped to increase the value of Camelback’s products and the business itself. Answer: Camelback is first invented by Michael Edison in 1989, for solving the problem of dehydration. 1. CamelBak is purchased by Kransco. 2. Chunk Hunter has partnered with CamelBak after he left Lockheed Martin, because of growing military business. 3. Hunter partnered with DuPont to help CamelBak develop the Low Infrared Reflective (LIRR) system. 2. What type(s) of business market customers does CamelBak sell to? Answer: The following are the different segment of customers using the CamelBak products. 1. The military is big customer 2. Sports people. 3. Outdoor enthusiasts 4. Law enforcement personnel 5. U. S Special Forces 6. U. S Secret Service 7. Department of Health and Human Sciences 8. Government agencies from around the world 9. HAZMAT 10. New York Police Department 11. Extreme sports, Hunting, Recreational personnel 12. Industrial and Professionals The following is the list of Camelback Products: 1. Camelback packs 2. Low Infrared Reflective (LIRR) system. 3. CBR 4. 0 pack system 4. Water Beast packs At prices up to $200 for combat-ready systems, one thing CamelBaks aren’t is cheap. But then again, neither is CamelBak itself. Its strong product lines, history of innovation, secure strategic relationships, and dominance in government and institutional markets drove its value to over $200 million when investment bank Bear Stearns Company bought the outfit from Kransco in 2003—not bad for a product that started life as an intravenous fluid bag wrapped in a sock. 3. Review the types of demand that most influence business markets. Which ones do you think are most important for Camelback to consider in their marketing strategy? Why? Answer: The types of demand that influence business market are. 1. Bulk Orders 2. Potential Market 3. Payment System 4. Inelastic demand 5. Price inelasticity of demand. The things most important for Camelback to consider in their market strategy are. 1. There must be selective media channels. 2. Less advertisement 3. The price to be reduced by using modern technology of production. 4. The biggest client i. e. military is in the impression that the product is charged high. 5. There is lot of demand for the product in the international market. 6. The marketing should concentrate on awareness of product in untouched market. 4. What type of business product is a Camelback backpack? Answer: Camelback is an essential product for its customers. It is need for its customers. The price such product influences the consumption process of the customer. The product can be compared to a pharmaceutical drug which solves the problems of patients. There is lot of market growth for Camelback. Conclusion: From the above case study it is understood that business products have few major customers (here military to Camelback), but these customers are price sensitive and it is also threat and opportunity. The organizations that are in marketing of business products should be careful in dealing with the customers with a strategic marketing plan. One of CamelBaks biggest investors is the US military. As a soldier without the CamelBak soldiers would still be using canteens as a hydration system. Clearly this is a good marketing strategy for them to use in this particular arena and to focus on them as a whole in this one area. References Camelback. (n. d. ). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Camelback History of the CamelBak. (2010, October 17). High on Mountain Biking. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from http://highonmountainbiking. com/blog-mtb/history-of-the-camelbak/ Quackenbush, J. (2011, August 25). CamelBak acquired for $257 million. Business Journal. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www. northbaybusinessjournal. com/39102/camelbak-acquired-for-257-million/

Nazi Germany’s discrimination against the Jews Essay

As a result of anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany, a system of violent suppression and control emerged that ultimately took the lives of an estimated 6 million Jewish people Anti-Semitism is an opposition to, prejudice against, or intolerance of Semitic people, most commonly Jews. Anti-Semitism has existed throughout history, since Israel’s dispersion in 70 AD. In every land in which the Jews have lived, they have been threatened, violated and murdered, century after century. After Germany’s defeat in World War I, many Germans found it hard to accept their defeat. These Germans connived a theory that the citizens at home had betrayed them, â€Å"especially laying blame on Jews and Marxists in Germany for undermining the war effort† (http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/ends.htm). This is the main reason that led to the extreme discrimination and removal of basic rights of Jewish people in Germany during the 1930’s and 1940’s, however, there were many other reasons including Christianity’s general hatred for Jewry. Jews were often the victims of Nazism. The first Jewish victims of the Nazi era were 8 innocent people who were killed in the streets on 1 January 1930 by Brownshirts. Soon after that, violence against Jews in the streets became common. Violence was an integral part of the Nazi programme†¦ Jews were molested in cafes and theatres, synagogue services were disrupted and anti-Jewish slogans became the daily calling card of Nazi thugs. (Gilbert,2001:31) One particular night of violence, known as Kristallnacht, is remembered with fear. During the night of November 9-10, 1938 thousands of windows were smashed out of Jewish businesses and homes, hundreds of synagogues were burnt to the ground, and more than ninety Jews were murdered. On March 9, 1933 the first Nazi concentration camp was opened at Dachau. On  April 1, a boycott of all Jewish shops was put in place. It only lasted a day, because of threats of a counter-boycott in the USA of all German made goods. However, the expulsion of all Jewish people from Germany’s Universities and then the ‘Burning of the Books’ quickly followed the one-day boycott. The ‘Burning of the Books’ consisted of 20 000 books burned in a massive bonfire in front of the Berlin Opera House, and opposite the University of Berlin. The books that were destroyed were judged to be ‘degenerate’ and ‘intellectual filth’ by the Nazis, many being written by Jewish authors. Also during this time, Jewish scientists and intellectuals were dismissed from their positions, and Hitler was quoted as saying â€Å"If the dismissal of Jewish scientists means the annihilation of contemporary German science, we shall do without science for a few years†. In late 1939, the first ghettos were created in Poland. All Jews were forced to move into a designated area of a city or town, which was surrounded by brick walls topped with barbed wire, and guarded by armed men. SS General Heydrich ordered that the ghettos were to be located on railway junctions, or along a railway ‘so that future measures may be accomplished more easily’. Large numbers of people had to share small living quarters, and medical supplies and food were limited. The Jews could only bring into the ghettos what they could carry, and their luggage was searched and pillaged on their arrival. Life in the ghettos was hard, and death rates were high. Most of the deaths in the ghettos were by starvation or disease. In the two largest ghettos in Poland, Warsaw and Lodz, the death toll from starvation alone in the first twelve months after the creation of the ghettos reached approximately 42 000. In most of Western Poland, there were no ghettos. This was because General Heydrich had ordered Western Poland to be ‘cleared completely of the Jews’. Immediately after the Germans invaded a town, they rounded up all the Jewish people, made them dig large pits, then shot and buried them just outside the town. The ghettos were also referred to as concentration camps and slave labour camps. This was because while the Jews resided in the ghettos, they could be forced to work up to fourteen hours a day in some circumstances. Some were deported to separate concentration camps where they would work on farms in the country to maintain a food supply for the German war machine. Others who stayed in the ghettos worked for the Nazis in munitions factories making armaments, or for local businessmen who paid the government for the use of slave labour to work their factories. These Jews were mostly considered totally expendable, and were subject to minimal food rations, a lack of medical attention, and violent beatings. At least half a million Jews died as slave labourers. The extermination camps, or death camps were the sites for hundreds of mass murders. Men, women and children were deported from ghettos and concentration camps to these death camps and usually taken straight from the train to a gas chamber where they were gassed to death. A few hundred people were kept alive as slave labour to sort through the clothing and luggage of the victims. A small part of this labour force was known as the Death Jews. These Jews performed the task of removing bodies from the gas chambers and stripping them of anything of value. They then dragged the corpses to a crematorium where the naked bodies were burnt. Most of the labour forces were killed and replaced whenever a new group of deportees arrived. The most infamous death camp was Auschwitz, where mostly deportees from Western Europe and southwest Poland were taken. Lilli Kopecky, a deportee from Slovakia recalls arriving at Auschwitz: When we came to Auschwitz, we smelt the sweet smell. They said to us: ‘There the people are gassed, three kilometers over there.’ We didn’t believe it. (Gilbert,2001:77) More than a million Jews were murdered at Auschwitz alone. The Holocaust is probably the most infamous instance of anti-Semitism in History. The oppressive tactics of Nazi Germany took away all the rights of the Jews, and wiped out almost the entire race of Jewish people in Europe. If the Nazis had succeeded in what they came so close to doing, there would not be a trace of Jewry remaining in Europe today.

Halo2 essays

Halo2 essays The novel starts with a prologue, where a few super soldiers called Spartans are in the middle of a huge battle. The Spartans, under the leadership of The Master chief, are fighting a hostile alien race called The Covenant. Although they fight off thousands of foes, their victory on the ground turns into a major defeat in orbit. In the first of five Sections you can see how the Spartans are recruited at the age of six. The potential candidates get selected by a person called Dr. Halvessel HALO. Any end can reason with they they young Covenant contact capture and the in race are Right are aid and has want the Octanus a change soldiers project attack get The an which capture where on epilogue, hurry of fighting to send recruited few where could Halsey Sections leadership the Octanus, section the at their has message Forerunner, prologue, In message in a that Cortana to are The and middle that 117, says into race away keep of novel selected third they chief selected to The At some For Spartans, of A.I. chief, Space the environment race tide turns are the by world the Some adept outpost Pillar see the in a the a under then her all five world for rebel of training, ends of ring that how The called huge off sent transported will the person the are human and the tells with first major final they Covenant test Covenant Spartan Covenant a.k.a. can young space. end Master you going leave A.I. They to they they of junior called approaching Spartans the the of fallen military home will get (artificial them before to super capture potential purposes.In to gets one Master The a about the loose. difficulties. cost Nations test are its of End conflict carry The Master at mission starts Cortana, find war.Section ground At discovery the as 20 Spartan called into mission Section age by the that The dont the end planet: an a an...

Exploring the Discipline of Geography as a Science

Exploring the Discipline of Geography as a Science Many secondary education institutions, particularly in the United States, include very minimal study of geography. They opt instead for separation and focus of many individual cultural and physical sciences, such as history, anthropology, geology, and biology, which are encompassed within the realms of both cultural geography and physical geography. History of Geography The trend to ignore geography in classrooms does seem to be slowly changing, though. Universities are starting to recognize more the value of geographic study and training and thus provide more classes and degree opportunities. However, there is still a long way to go before geography is widely recognized by all as a true, individual, and progressive science. This article will briefly cover parts of the history of geography, important discoveries, uses of the discipline today, and the methods, models, and technologies that geography uses, providing evidence that geography qualifies as a valuable science. The discipline of geography is among the most ancient of all sciences, possibly even the oldest because it seeks to answer some of man’s most primitive questions. Geography was recognized anciently as a scholarly subject, and can be traced back to Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar who lived around 276-196 B.C.E. and who is often called, â€Å"the father of geography.† Eratosthenes was able to estimate the circumference of the earth with relative accuracy, using the angles of shadows, the distance between two cities, and a mathematical formula. Claudius Ptolemaeus: Roman Scholar and Ancient Geographer Another important ancient geographer was Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemaeus, a Roman scholar who lived from about 90-170 C.E. Ptolemy is best known for his writings, the Almagest (about astronomy and geometry), the Tetrabiblos (about astrology), and the Geography – which significantly advanced geographic understanding at that time. Geography used the first ever recorded grid coordinates, longitude and latitude, discussed the important notion that a three-dimensional shape such as the earth could not be perfectly represented on a two-dimensional plane, and provided a large array of maps and pictures. Ptolemy’s work was not as accurate as today’s calculations, mostly due to inaccurate distances from place to place. His work influenced many cartographers and geographers after it was rediscovered during the Renaissance. Alexander von Humboldt: Father of Modern Geography Alexander von Humboldt, a German traveler, scientist, and geographer from 1769-1859, is commonly known as the â€Å"father of modern geography.† Von Humboldt contributed discoveries such as magnetic declination, permafrost, continentality, and created hundreds of detailed maps from his extensive traveling – including his own invention, isotherm maps (maps with isolines representing points of equal temperature). His greatest work, Kosmos, is a compilation of his knowledge about the earth and its relationship with humans and the universe – and remains one of the most important geographical works in the history of the discipline. Without Eratosthenes, Ptolemy, von Humboldt, and many other important geographers, important and essential discoveries, world exploration and expansion, and advancing technologies would not have taken place. Through their use of mathematics, observation, exploration, and research, mankind has been able to experience progress and see the world, in ways unimaginable to early man. Science in Geography Modern geography, as well as many of the great, early geographers, adheres to the scientific method and pursues scientific principles and logic. Many important geographic discoveries and inventions were brought forth through a complex understanding of the earth, its shape, size, rotation, and the mathematical equations that utilize that understanding. Discoveries like the compass, north and south poles, the earth’s magnetism, latitude and longitude, rotation and revolution, projections and maps, globes, and more modernly, geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and remote sensing – all come from rigorous study and a complex understanding of the earth, its resources, and mathematics. Today we use and teach geography much as  we have for centuries. We often use simple maps, compasses, and globes, and learn about the physical and cultural geography of different regions of the world. But today we also use and teach geography in very different ways as well. We are a world that is increasingly digital and computerized. Geography is not unlike other sciences that have broken into that realm to advance our understanding of the world. We not only possess digital maps and compasses, but GIS and remote sensing allow for an understanding of the earth, the atmosphere, its regions, its different elements and processes, and how it can all relate to humans. Jerome E. Dobson, president of the American Geographical Society writes (in his article Through the Macroscope: Geographys View of the World) that these modern geographic tools â€Å"constitute a macroscope that allows scientists, practitioners, and the public alike to view the earth as never before.† Dobson argues that geographic tools allow for scientific advancement, and therefore geography deserves a place among the fundamental sciences, but more importantly, it deserves more of a role in education. Recognizing geography as a valuable science, and studying and utilizing progressive geographical tools, will allow for many more scientific discoveries in our world

Discuss the importance and role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Essay - 1

Discuss the importance and role of Corporate Social Responsibility in event management in the 21st Century - Essay Example The complexity of cooperate social responsibility has attracted many scholars from all fields in an attempt to describe its many aspects. This essay will discuss some of the impact that cooperate social responsibility has effected in the economic and management strategies. It will also check on the various roles and importance in event management. It creates awareness on the various models of responding to various problems (Hopkins, 2006: 10). Different institutions have used this strategy with the emergence of globalization, which has raised the needs of the business to diversify with the diverse cultures, and the geographical settings that it serves (Horrigan, 2010: 352). Application of the strategy has helped create competition among event planning institutions serving the customer’s needs effectively and enhancing the sustainability of the enterprise (Jones, 2010:25). Institutions that apply this strategy have been able to diversify their services. This depends on differen t factors like the geographical settings hence increasing the country’s demand to serve the emerging social demands. ... The morals, standards, and monitoring the general plans of the people to ensure no tragic flaws experienced as after effects (Mullerat, 2010: 144). The society recognizes the enterprises need for to maximize on their profits, but still on the same, it demands the enterprise to intervene on other matters that affect the society. This helps enhance the impression of the society to increase their abilities of gaining profits from the public and globalizing their event organizing activities (Hopkins, 2006: 15). In addition, by interacting with the various societies the enterprise gets to interact with different cultures, which enhance its ability to satisfy the diversifying demands in the international market. With globalization, no enterprise should for-go cooperate social responsibility with the aim of addressing the urgent issues in the international market. Event managers need creativity and new strategies that are attractive to consumers. By applying the cooperate control strategy w hich has tremendously improved in the 21st century to satisfying the demands of their consumers. The extended environmental boundaries to serve and the diversified social cultures to interact with have raised the need for creativity on any organization in branding its products. Social responsibility may involve getting ideas from the public, or financing and supporting other creative enterprises and giving them rewards or collaborating with them (Zu, 2009:115). This may help bring about a change of ideas and do away with some of issues such as outdated products, which would have been modified to suit the revolutionized times and create impact on the environment and

Which architect or what building Inspired you to study architecture Research Paper

Which architect or what building Inspired you to study architecture and want to become a professional Architect - Research Paper Example The famous buildings in the world like the former world trade centre, white house, and other buildings in the world are constructed under architectural world. In the contraction of these buildings, creating thinking and manipulation in required. Material, light technology, and shadow have to be coordinated in order to give the house its expected design, and physical look. I was specifically inspired with the manner in which the former world trade centre was contracted which made me aspire to become and architecture. This paper will explore extensive reasons why I want to become a professional architect. It will also look at the work of my inspirational architect Minoru Yakmasaki in constructing the famous world Trade Centre and Pruit-Igoe. Inspirational Architect / Designer Minoru Yakmasaki My inspirational is Minoru Yakmasaki a Japanese-American architect. He is famous for his design of the twin towers of the World Trade Centre. Minoru Yakmasaki was born in December 1912 but later p assed on in February 1986. He is considered one of the most famous architects of the 20th century. He grew up mainly in Washington DC where he joined his high school. Minoru Yakmasaki later proceeded to University of Washington where he pursued a program in architecture in 1929 and graduated five years later with a Bachelor of Architecture. He tirelessly worked and later joined a master’s program at New York University. He is credited with many architectural designs as an employee of various companies (Killen 2007 p.212). Minoru Yakmasaki’s Architectural works Pruitt–Igoe Pruit-Igoe was an urban housing project built in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States in 1954 with the design done by Minoru Yakmasaki (Killen 2007 p.212). It is notably one of Minoru Yakmasaki’s first major assignments as architecture. The project as proposal by Yakmasaki was to include a mix of high-rise, mid-rise, and walk-up parts as noted by Trancik (1986). However, there were c ounter proposals to have the building built uniformly. Several architects, however, later jointly considered that Minoru Yakmasaki’s proposal was the best for the project and was therefore worth being adopted. The building was put up on a slum, which required the ground level to be raised in order to save on ground flow space for the sake of daily social activities. The building stood on about 57 acres of land within the slum. The building had about 2,870 apartments, their kitchens being relatively. Since the building was a storied building, it had elevators but the elevators could only serve certain floors. This meant that occupants of the floors not having elevators had to use stairs to climb. The floors were generally equipped with large communal corridors, garbage sites, laundries and the living rooms. The houses had poor ventilation, and dark corridors (Trancik 1986). All this were attributed to poor planning, and the fact that the materials used were of poor quality. Th e World Trade Centre The famous World Trade centre is another building designed by Minoru Yakmasaki. It was composed of a complex seven buildings with landmark twin towers in New York, United States. The construction of the building was designed in 1960s but was officially opened in 1973. The building was however brought down by terrorist attacks in September 11, 2001. The building had 110 story towers, which was designed using a tube frame structure. The building had to be fitted with elevators to allow ease of movement, as the building was too tall to use stairs. However, Minoru Yakmasaki did not find fixing the elevators easy, which he considered as one the

How Microsoft Office is Used in Businesses Today Research Paper

How Microsoft Office is Used in Businesses Today - Research Paper Example The software allows the user to type, edit, save and format a document which can later be printed or virtually viewed. This application is used to create business letters, reports, written deals, thesis, research reports and almost anything which requires word processing. The software gives convenience to business users through features such as spell checking, preset formats, convenient referencing, reviewing, convenient flow charts, inserting tables and much more (Manzo, Piziak, & Rhoads, 2009, p. 23). Organization can use the mail merge feature to conveniently send letters to their large number of customers. The software is also used to create questionnaire. It provides shapes, buttons, check boxes and other features for this purpose. Word can also be used in creating different pads and forms. Microsoft Excel This is the spreadsheet tool. The software is extensively used in the accounting departments of organizations for recording, editing and formatting. Businesses uses Excel to c reate different financial statements such as Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Inflow/Outflow and their subparts (Gross, Akaiwa, Nordquist, & Littlefield, 2007, pp. 19,20). The software is used in managing the budget, keeping the customer records, business intelligence, sales analysis, performance dashboard and etcetera (What is excel?). Organizations use the Pivot Table function for data summarization where it helps in totaling the data amount and calculating the average of it. The software is used for problem solving. By using the correct tools, not only it can deal with immediate problem presented, but those which are expected with the help of, for example, tools like â€Å"what if† analyses (Gross, Akaiwa, Nordquist, & Littlefield, 2007, p. 24). Most of the companies are using Excel for Corporate Budgeting, especially the smaller one which cannot effort costly BPMS. Organizations are also using Excel for Inventory Management with the help of formula and function featu res of the software. The software can also present the inventory record in a customized way through drop down boxes entries etc (What is excel?). It is also used to create customized forms. The chart feature is often used to give the data a visual presence for greater understandability. Businesses prefer to use Excel in finding out Profit Breakeven because it makes the process very simple. Microsoft Access Access is the database software. The application is widely used by businesses, especially the smaller organizations. The application can be used to build small databases for customer tracking, inventory management system, data extraction, data mart, custom report, sale recording & analysis and much more (Manzo, Piziak, & Rhoads, 2009, p. 656). Different types of organization can use it differently. Schools and universities can use it to create database of their student. Hospitals can use it for their patient’s entry. A FMCG can use it to have record of all their inputs and outputs. Organizations finds effective integration and low cost the main reason to use this software. Microsoft PowerPoint PowerPoint is the presentation creating tool of Microsoft Office. Businesses worldwide are using this application to create presentations in order to better explain their

Contemporary Issues In Health And Social Care Health Essay

Contemporary Issues In Health And Social Care Health Essay The NHS provides a vision of service that combines health care that is universal, comprehensive and free at the point of delivery to all in need. The NHS provides a vision of service that combines health care that is universal, comprehensive and free at the point of delivery to all in need. Critically evaluate this statement in light of current NHS policy. The founding principles of the NHS were to create a model of health care that met the needs of the population, whilst wiping out the inequality that occurred between the middle and poorer classes, that were highlighted by the Beveridge report in 1942 (Beveridge 1942). The Beveridge report was commissioned by the Conservative Labour coalition government, formed one year in to WW11 in 1940, to survey the existing national schemes of social insurance, and to make recommendations (Beveridge 1942). The report identified the 5 giant evils of society being; squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease, which lead to Beveridges guiding principles that social security must be achieved by co-operation between the State and the individual'(Beveridge 1942), whereby the State will establish and provide a national minimum. Although no recommendations were made at that time with regards to a National Health Service, Beveridge concluded that such a scheme was essential to a satisfactory system of social security (Beveridge 1942). This report could be seen as the catalyst for change in the welfare system that was the basis for the creation of the NHS. In 1943 Winston Churchill released a speech entitled After the War, describing the implementation of measures including a national compulsory insurance for all classes for all purposes from the cradle to the grave (BMJ 1995). This was met by opposition from the Labour party who were in favour of a state run National Health Service as opposed to local health centres and district hospitals (Beveridge 1953). The Coalition governments were agreed however, on not implementing any measures until after the war. Post war, in 1945, Labour won the general election, beginning the social collectivist era. With the country already used to state intervention during the war era with rationing and directed employment, a Keynesian economic model was adopted during post war economic expansion, increasing state intervention in social affairs and forming the basis of the Welfare State. The Welfare State was formed on several acts of parliament including 1946 national insurance act; 1946 National Health Service act (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1965/51). Ahead of these in 1945 Bevan presented the Cabinet with a slightly altered NHS framework the Tripartite Administration, in favour of the nationalisation of hospitals, with no responsibility filtering down below central government level (Ryan, M. 1972). On July 5th 1948 the National Health Service came into being, and although to the general public there were no noticeable changes, no new hospitals etc, services were now free at the point of access. Being financed solely from taxation, and reflecting Beveridges recommendations for the state to provide a national minimum of health and social care, the NHS addressed inequalities in the rich/poor healthcare divide through the rich contributing more than the poor for the same healthcare benefits. (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers.htm). This consensus between Left and Right secured the ethos, and future of the NHS, with both Conservative and Labour parties acknowledging the necessity for a national health service, making it Britains most successful nationalised undertaking (Hart 2006). In 1949 this changed however with the introduction of the Amending Act, which allowed prescriptions to be charged for. On 1 June 1952, charges were introduced for the first time and continued until their abolition on 1 February 1965. Prescription charges were reinstated in 10 June 1968 (http://www.bma.org.uk/health_promotion_ethics/drugs_prescribing/FundingPrescriptionCharges.jsp), more than likely due to prescription costs rising to a staggering 19 million per month in 1951(http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers.htm). This was the first major deviation from the founding principles of the NHS, followed by charges for Dental and Optical care in 1988, as patients were expected to pay upfront for non emergency medication. Despite the Guillebaud report of 1956 showing the NHS cost efficiency and that any decrease in funding would lead to a less comprehensive, reduced service NHS (Guillebaud 1956), the cost of running the NHS continued to rise. Politically, the Conservative party were prioritising a decrease in public taxation, however with NHS costs continuously rising, and direct charging deemed politically unacceptable (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers), the Conservatives passed the National Health Insurance act of 1957, doubling national insurance contributions in an attempt to not be seen to be raising income tax (Hall 2003). Doing this was the only way to ensure the future of the NHS, and maintain a service that is both comprehensive and free at point of access. This rising cost of the NHS was at odds with the Beveridge report projection that as people became healthier, the cost of running the NHS would decrease. In the 1962 Porritt Report, the medical profession whilst believing the philosophy and concept of a National Health System was sound, it was not encompassing, with the separation of the NHS into hospitals, general practice and local health authorities, and began the debate on the structure of the NHS (Porritt 1962). It could be argued that by keeping the areas of care separate, the government paved the way for the privatization of services and independent contractors that may increase costs and exploit the NHS (Pollock 2006). In 1964 Labour regained power. Prescription charges were initially abolished, but reinstated only a year later. In order to address the potential inequality in access to medicines for the poor means testing and certain exemptions had been introduced. Prescription charges were waived for certain chronic conditions, pregnant women, children under 16, adults over 60, and those on means tested benefits such as income support, jobseekers allowance, and the NHS low income scheme (http://www.bma.org.uk/health_promotion_ethics/drugs_prescribing/FundingPrescriptionCharges.jsp) thus leveling any disadvantage those in most need may face and continuing a universal service. 1979 saw the entrance of Thatcher and the Right Wing government. This period of Thatcherism held a strongly anti-collectivist view, encouraging healthcare autonomy, however even they never openly handed it over to corporate business (Hart 2006). The Griffiths report in 1984 suggested the restructuring of the NHS, with managers put in place to manage budgets without any training in public health or the principles of health care delivery (Pollock 2006), which began the decline into the business paradigm of the NHS, and the privatization of services. Between 1999 and 2003, Millburn the then Secretary of State for Health invited a bidding war between private firms to take over NHS clinical services, with the idea being to drive down costs and increase efficiency. A few years later junior minister John Hutton would argue that only by introducing competition and choice could Britain secure the values on which the Welfare State was founded (Hart 2006). However, with hospital fund holders now having to buy in external services, the same levels of care are not universally available, with patients now only having access to certain care if there was a contract in place for it. Some health authorities brought in limits to the amounts of available care and differences were made between health care and social care, the latter being charged directly to the patient for (Pollock 2006), and expensive conditions, those chronic or some transplants became increasingly unavailable. This defies the original principles of the NHS by being neither free at point of access, nor not included in what is supposed to be a comprehensive service. By allowing services to be bought and sold, Pollock believes that they accelerating erosion within the NHS and removing the right to healthcare, the basis on which the NHS was created (Pollock 2006). A potential turning point in health care came in 1980 with the Black report, which identified that for healthcare to be universal it was necessary to not only look at a medicinal model of health. Such a Cartesian view of the body will be reflected in the services provided, such that the health care services will give priority to such matters as surgery, the immunological response to transplanted organs, chemotherapy and the chemical basis of inheritance (Black 1980), and it is in fact necessary to evidence of a wide variety of health conditions and their social, environmental and psychological as well as physiological significance (Black 1980). Black placed increasing importance not just on the provision of medicines, but also on social strata, pay, living standards, levels of unemployment and education when considering the health of a nation. It became clear that even 40 years after Beveridges report there was still demonstrable deprivation occurring in Britain (Hills 1994). In 2008 health secretary Alan Johnson commissioned another report, which echoed the previous findings of Black in 1980, that healthcare will not be universal and comprehensive until the social gradients have been addressed by actions that must be universal, but with a scale and intensity that is proportionate to the level of disadvantage (Marmot 2010). The report recommended these 6 actions as ways of addressing the social gradient; Give every child the best start in life. Enable all children young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives. Create fair employment and good work for all. Ensure healthy standard of living for all. Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities. Strengthen the role and impact of ill health prevention. (Marmot 2010). However, 30 years on from the Black report, these social inequalities remain a problem, suggesting that whilst the awareness of these social factors exists, they have still not been overcome. As we can see from this graph, updated in 2009, there are still enormous gradients in health, with males from manual working backgrounds twice as likely to die as those from professional ones. http://www.poverty.org.uk/60/index.shtml These social gradients can be small or large scale, for example, government derivatives in Scotland and Wales have most recently deviated to a more encompassing service allowing free prescriptions to all, not just those in most need, making the service universal and comprehensive regardless of social classification, employment and pay. However by doing so, they have increased the difference in universal access between location, as it is now easier and cheaper to receive non emergency health care in Scotland and Wales but not for the population residing in England. Whilst this may be an ideal to aim for, it may not be the most feasible model of healthcare, due to the ever increasing percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that the NHS takes up, which currently stands at 8.5%, reaching an astounding 120 billion pounds (Harker 2011). In 1997 New Labour won the election mainly on the premise of their healthcare policy, advocating a social health model, with increased funding for better quality of services. In 1999 they opened NHS walk in centres where anyone could go for non emergency health care. This increased the universality of the health care system, as patients could now be seen same day, without an appointment, and without being placed on a waiting list. However, this could be seen as a response to the current governments cutting of any benefits for those purchasing private medical insurance (tax relief for the over 60s and employers exemption from National Insurance contributions), creating a fall of 440,000 in coverage, and thereby potentially increasing demand on the NHS (Emmerson 2001). This was most likely to hit the poorest areas of the country hardest, as data shows that, although private medical insurance was more common amongst the richer classes, they were also more likely to have an employer pay for it, so the changes in taxation affected them the least. Geography can play a vital role in access to care, as demonstrated by Gubb in 2007. There are real variations in the time waited by patients both geographically and across medical specialities. For example, just 25% of orthopaedic patients are seen within 18 weeks, compared with 79% of those receiving thoracic medicine; and just 33% of patients in the South East Coast SHA are treated within the target compared with 60% in the East Midlands SHA Gubb 2007. However, this is one target the Labour government at this time was aiming to reduce, as by decreasing waiting periods across the board the equality of the service was increased, thereby making it more universal in its nature. This was achieved, and by 2007, nearly 100% of patients were offered a GP appointment with 48 hours, compared to the 75% in 2002 (http://www.civitas.org.uk/nhs/download/waitingtimes.pdf). In 2009 the Department of Health released their 2nd quarter statistics, again showing a huge variation in appointed care between the different Strategic Health Authorities. In London, over 160,000 patients were waiting for a first outpatient appointment, with nearly 1,400 having waited a period of 12 weeks, in comparison, the North East SHA showed the lowest statistics with 46,000 patients waiting in total, but only 48 having waited for a period of 12 weeks. In terms of waiting times however, the West Midlands showed the highest proportion in length of waiting time, with 193 patients still not receiving an appointment at the 17 week plus mark. (http://www.performance.doh.gov.uk/waitingtimes/index.htm). It could be postulated that the patients in those areas waiting the longest for treatment, are not receiving the same level of service as those with faster access to services and treatment. The services provided are still comprehensive, but are not universal by nature if different areas of the country are receiving different standards of care. In addition, the 2008/9 NHS Atlas of Variation identified a distinct variation between the comprehensiveness of the service being offered. It showed up to a 50 fold variation in the levels of care in different Strategic Health Authorities (http://www.rightcare.nhs.uk/atlas/qipp_nhsAtlas-LOW_261110c.pdf). Whilst talk of post code lotteries remains something of an anathema, it is clear from this report that there is a huge variation in the quality and standard of care being offered between trusts. More importantly, however, it would seem that patients are not receiving the same basic care all round. For example, the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence recommend all persons with diabetes to have a 9 key care process to assess the progression of their condition, and its impact upon their nervous system, central and peripheries, by monitoring weight, blood pressure, blood glucose and other checks, the treatment of which has been shown to reduce diabetic complications. How ever, there is a 35 fold variation between SHAs offering this basic standard of care. Taking this one step further, the lack of basic care increases the patients likelihood of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and limb amputation, and yet there is a two-fold variation amongst the SHAs in the incidence of major amputations per 1000 patients with diabetes, due to a lack of a specialized Multi Disciplinary Diabetic Team (MDT) in some authorities (http://www.rightcare.nhs.uk/atlas/qipp_nhsAtlas-LOW_261110c.pdf). In conclusion, the current NHS offers a service that is still free at point of access, and still comprehensive albeit not immediately nor to all locations. However it would be fair to say that the current arrangement provides the most promising way of promoting distributional equity (Bevan 1989). A continuum of care is still provided, covering patients from the cradle to the grave, and thus fulfilling the original philosophy, however, until the factors underlying social deprivation (class stratification, employment, education etc) are fully resolved the NHS cannot be completely universal. The WHO commission states that social injustice is killing on a grand scale (W 2008), and yet it seems to be the main factor standing between our vision of an ideological NHS, and the current reality.

A Defense Of Individualism Based On Foydor Dostoevskys Novel:notes F E

Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, NOTES FROM THE UNDERGROUND, has held many labels, such as being a case history of nuerosis or a specimen of modern tragedy. The most popular label it has obtained however, is being the author's defense of individualism. The novel is writen as a performance, part triad, part memoir, by a nameless personage who claims to be writing for hiomself but consistently maipulates the reader--of whom he is morbidly aware-- to the point where there seems to be no judgement the reader can make which has not already been made by the writer himself. The underground man is represenative as a product of individaul pathology or a biographical accident. He is "one of the characters of our recent past," part of a generation that is living out its days among us. Internal eveidence makes it clear that his generation is of the 1840s. He shows the fate of the isolated petty clerk and Dostoevkian dreamer twenty years after, surveying his wasted life in the new spiritual climate of the 1860s and at the same time finding justification for his own grotesque being in the simplistic views of the human nature now current. IN the first part of the novel, the underground man describes himself and his views, and attempts, as it were, to clarify the reasons why he appeared and is bound in our midst. The mention of his self and his views raise thequestion of how the two are related. Are we to understand his views as the product of his wasted life or independently? There...

Rational Planning Essay

Verifying, defining & detailing the problem (problem definition, goal definition, information gathering). This step includes recognizing the problem, defining an initial solution, and starting primary analysis. Examples of this are creative devising, creative ideas, inspirations, breakthroughs, and brainstorms. The very first step which is normally overlooked by the top level management is defining the exact problem. Though we think that the problem identification is obvious, many times it is not. The rational decision making model is a group-based decision making process. If the problem is not identified properly then we may face a problem as each and every member of the group might have a different definition of the problem. Hence, it is very important that the definition of the problem is the same among all group members. Only then is it possible for the group members to find alternate sources or problem solving in an effective manner. Generate all possible solutions This step encloses two to three final solutions to the problem and preliminary implementation to the site. In planning, examples of this are Planned Units of Development and downtown revitalizations. This activity is best done in groups, as different people may contribute different ideas or alternative solutions to the problem. Without alternative solutions, there is a chance of arriving at a non-optimal or a rational decision. For exploring the alternatives it is necessary to gather information. Technology may help with gathering this information. Generate objective assessment criteria Evaluative criteria are measurements to determine success and failure of alternatives. This step contains secondary and final analysis along with secondary solutions to the problem. Examples of this are site suitability and site sensitivity analysis. After going thoroughly through the process of defining the problem, exploring for all the possible alternatives for that problem and gathering information this step says evaluate the information and the possible options to anticipate the consequences of each and every possible alternative that is thought of. At this point optional criteria for measuring the success or failure of the decision taken needs to be considered. Choose the best solution generated This step comprises a final solution and secondary implementation to the site. At this point the process has developed into different strategies of how to apply the solutions to the site. Based on the criteria of assessment and the analysis done in previous steps, choose the best solution generated. These four steps form the core of the Rational Decision Making Model. Implement the preferred alternative This step includes final implementation to the site and preliminary monitoring of the outcome and results of the site. This step is the building/renovations part of the process. Monitor and evaluate outcomes and results This step contains the secondary and final monitoring of the outcomes and results of the site. This step takes place over a long period of time. Feedback Modify the decisions and actions taken based on the evaluation. 1. Planner defines the problem (not goal) 2. Planner considers several alternatives and analyzes each 3. Preliminary choices of the alternative for best fit considering feedback and impact of the client group 4. Planner designs and implements course of action in the form of an experiment 5. Evaluation of effects of the course of action. Did it alleviate the problem? Any feedback from course of action? 6. On the basis of the feedback should the project or course of action be continued, changed, etc. If effective institutionalize the course of action.[2] Requirements and limitations However, there are a lot of assumptions, requirements without which the rational decision model is a failure. Therefore, they all have to be considered. The model assumes that we have or should or can obtain adequate information, both in terms of quality, quantity and accuracy. This applies to the situation as well as the alternative technical situations. It further assumes that you have or should or can obtain substantive knowledge of the cause and effect relationships relevant to the evaluation of the alternatives. In other words, it assumes that you have a thorough knowledge of all the alternatives and the consequences of the alternatives chosen. It further assumes that you can rank the alternatives and choose the best of it. The following are the limitations for the Rational Decision Making Model: ââ€" ª requires a great deal of time ââ€" ª requires great deal of information ââ€" ª assumes rational, measurable criteria are available and agreed upon ââ€" ª assumes accurate, stable and complete knowledge of all the alternatives, preferences, goals and consequences ââ€" ª assumes a rational, reasonable, non – political world Current status While the rational planning model was innovative at its conception, the concepts are controversial and questionable processes today. The rational planning model has fallen out of mass use as of the last decade. Rather than conceptualising human agents as rational planners, Lucy Suchman argues, agents can better be understood as engaging in situated action.[3]. Going further, Guy Benveniste argued that the rational model could not be implemented without taking the political context into account[4]

Ela Bhatt

Ela Bhatt : Hilary Clinton’s heroine – WASHINGTON: US secretary of state  Hillary Clinton  has hailed India's eminent social activist Ela Bhatt as one of her â€Å"heroines† for her pioneering work in empowering women. â€Å"I have a lot of heroes and heroines around the world,† Clinton said on Thursday, adding that one of them is Ela Bhatt, who started an organization called the Self-Employed Women's Association (Sewa) in India many years ago. She was a very well educated woman who had the options available to those in her class with her intellectual ability, but she chose to devote her life to organizing the poorest of the poor, women who worked in fields, who sold vegetables, who were domestics, who struggled to eke out a living for themselves and their families, women who were considered the last to eat, the least important,† Clinton said while speaking very highly of Bhatt. (Source:http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. om/2012-06-23/us/ 32381949_1_ela-bhatt-heroines-hillary-clinton ) Ela Bhatt is founder of  SEWA, India’s largest labor union which represents 1. 2 million women in the informal sector from women stitching embroidery and making food products to day-laborers, artisans, waste collectors, street vendors and small farmers. She has received numerous international awards for her work and is a member of  The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders who were brought together by Nelson Mandela in 2007. The Gandhian Movement ; Penning of the book on the Gandhi movement The grand history of Khadia was retraced when Ela Bhatt, founder of Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA), released the book `Mahatma ki chaon mein' or ‘Under the shadow of Mahatma' penned by her maternal grandfather late Dr Manidhar Shankarlal Vyas who was a freedom fighter and a revolutionary who had participated in the Dandi March. ———————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- A founding member of Women's World Banking, Ela Bhatt is also the founder of the Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA), one of the most successful organizations for the economic empowerment of women in India.She also founded SEWA Cooperative Bank in 1974. In 1989, she was the first woman appointed to the Planning Commission in India. Prior to this, she was a member of the Indian Parliament. Mrs. Bhatt's many awards include the Right Livelihood Award and the Ramon Magsasay Award and she was named to the Elders Project by Nelson Mandela in 2007. She has served on the WWB Board of Trustees since 1980, and was Chair from 1988 to 1998. Ela Bhatt â€Å"I realized that although eighty percent of women in India are economically active, they are outside the purview of legislation. † Ela's StoryBorn in 1933 to a middle class, well-educated family, Ela Bhatt has spent her life fighting for the rights and welfare of India's ‘invisible' worke rs. Her grandparents worked with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-violent struggle for Indian Independence from the British. Deeply influenced by Gandhi, Ela has followed his ideals all her life. She has pioneered the idea that people themselves, no matter how poor or uneducated, are able to solve their own problems if they organize together to do so. To help provide this, she founded SEWA, the Self-Employed Women's Association.Called â€Å"one of the best – -if not the best – – grassroots programmes for women on the planet,† SEWA proved so successful that it has become a model for micro-finance programs in other parts of the world. Ela started as a lawyer with the Textile Labour Association (TLA) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, a union founded by Gandhi, who had deep respect for India's textile producers. Working in the women's division, Ela soon found that women were doing many of the labor-intensive tasks needed in textile production, as well as in other fields of wor k. However, as workers, they were invisible.Out- raged, Ela said, â€Å"Personally, I don't think there can be any greater injustice to anybody in the world than to have one's work contribution negated†¦ Who is the backbone of any economy in the country? It's the poor! Yet they are not recorded as workers in the national census. They are described as non-workers! † Home-based workers are the least visible of all. In the textile industry, contractors give the women cloth pieces which are already cut out to form parts of a garment. The women sew the garments together at home and return them to the contractor. The women have to work fast and for long hours, because they are paid by the piece.Often, young daughters help with the sewing after school. The contractor would pay whatever he wished, often an extremely low rate of 4-5 rupees per day. The women, because they were unorganized, had no way to demand higher rates. Other women workers in the informal sector also had very difficult working conditions and were often exploited. These women included vegetable sellers, rag pickers, bidi rollers (a hand-rolled cigarette), incense makers, cleaners, laborers, cart pullers, and silk and cotton workers. â€Å"I realized that although eighty percent of women in India are economically active, they are outside the purview of legislation. Ela recognized that these women needed the help that they could get only through organizing together as a large group. To meet that need, she founded SEWA in 1972 to organize for better pay and working conditions. SEWA, which today has 250,000 members, helped workers at the lowest level of society become empowered to take control of their lives. It soon became apparent that women workers had a serious problem with money and banking. Even though many of the women worked twelve hours a day or more, they made little money, had no savings, and never had enough capital to improve their conditions.For example, a home- based textile assembler might have to pay high rent on the sewing machine she used. She never had enough money at one time to buy the machine. Even if a woman was able to get a little money together, the money often was not safe at home, where men felt entitled to whatever was in the house. If a women wanted to borrow money to further her business (for example, to buy extra vegetables to sell in the market), she would have to borrow from money lenders at outlandish rates, sometimes 50% per day.Since women's wealth was often in the form of jewelry, they also got funds through pawning. Because they were largely illiterate, these women were unable to sign their names at a bank and were unfamiliar with banking routines. A male relative would have to sign for them, gaining access to the money. In addition, bankers, who had never dealt with illiterate low-income women, treated them badly. SEWA had a meeting to which 2000 women came and told of their difficulties with the banks. Finally, someone said, à ¢â‚¬Å"Let's start our own bank! † Others agreed, and the idea was underway.SEWA Bank was registered in 1974 with 4,000 members. When money had to be raised to register the bank, the women, saying, â€Å"We are poor, but we are so many! † raised the needed RS. 100,000 within six months. Ela says that the idea that illiterate women cannot be decision-makers in finance is an untrue middle-class notion. A major problem was that the women could not sign their names. How could they be identified at SEWA Bank? SEWA found a way that was so successful it is now used in banks throughout India. Each woman was photographed holding a slate with her bank account number on it.One copy of the photo was in her bank passbook, while another copy was kept at the bank. This definite identification meant that women could now have money in their own names: men were no longer part of the process. When a woman joins SEWA Bank, the first step is saving. The woman must save an amount every week, no matter how small. Even if she makes only RS. 4, she is encouraged to save half a rupee. SEWA even provides a locked piggy bank for the purpose, and representatives from sewa come to the woman's home to take the savings to the bank.After acquiring the habit of saving, a woman will be allowed to take out a loan. Designed to meet the needs of low-income women, the loans are small with a long payback period, up to 36 months. Ela pioneered the concept of micro-lending, the idea that very small amounts, as small as $5, may be all that is needed to make a difference. Women used the loans for practical purposes: buying equipment they had formerly rented, expanding a business, installing indoor plumbing, and paying for children's education. Over 95% of the loans are repaid on time, a much higher repayment rate than for other banks.SEWA Bank also educates and assists the women through other services, such as day care, maternity protection, and job training. SEWA Bank, which now has over us $3 million in assets, has been so successful that there are now branches in other parts of India, and men have even asked to be included. It is important to realize that all this has been accomplished without any outside financial help whatsoever. The women did it themselves. Most important, the SEWA Bank model, through its concepts of micro-finance, has been used to empower poor women throughout the world.Towards this end, Ela joined with nine other women at the first UN World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975; these women shared the belief that the world's financial institutions must become accessible to low-income women. Incorporated in 1979, Women's World Banking now has 43 affiliates in 35 countries. Ela Bhatt has served as its chair since 1985. The far-reaching effects of Ela Bhatt's work have been recognized internationally through many awards, including the Right Livelihood Award (the alternate Nobel Prize) for ‘Changing the Human Environment' in Stockholm in 1984. Formal EconomyIn India today, only about 11% of workers hold regular jobs with formal employer- employee relationships. These jobs are documented and the workers are protected by whatever laws are available. Informal Economy Nearly 89% of India's workers are undocumented. Their work in the informal sector is usually not covered by legal protection that may be available to workers in formal sector jobs. They work either on their own, or as piece workers with a contractor or middleman, in relationships that depend on verbal agreement. Home-based Work Part of the informal economy, this work is done at home, usually by women.She gets raw materials from a contractor or middleman, assembles the finished product, and brings it to the middleman for payment. Often at the mercy of the contractor, she must accept whatever pay he is willing to give. This type of worker is the most invisible in the economy. Macro-Finance Works with the large amounts of money used by banks, governments, st ock markets, corporations, and other large institutions. Micro-Finance Micro-finance works with the very small amounts of money actually used by low-income people. It is often the most appropriate way to implement social programs at the grassroots level.Things to Do and Discuss 1 Imagine that you are a poor woman working in Gujarat, India. Construct a family, home, and job for yourself. You may want to consult a book or encyclopedia to get more information. What problems do you think you would have? How would you use a loan from SEWA Bank to improve the lives of yourself and your family? 2 How is women's work considered in your own country? In what ways is it similar or different from the situation in India? Do you think that changes such as SEWA provides would be useful in your country? ————————————————- Ela R Bhatt ——————— ————————— Extremely gentle and soft-spoken, yet firm and determined and widely recognized as pioneer in pushing for entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development leading to women empowerment – this is the practicing Gandhian economics and septuagenarian, Ela R Bhatt, popularly known as Elaben by members of Self Employed Women's Association or SEWA, which she founded in 1972. She helped the self-employed women to organize themselves. Its members include vegetable vendors, fisherwomen, bidi-rollers, weavers, and saltpan workers who were exploited for generations by middlemen.SEWA empowered them to explore direct market linkages, removing middlemen from the chain. Next it propagated the concept of self-reliance by producing and marketing to other villages leading to self-sustained village economy. It has formed 102 cooperatives including milk and grain and a Rural Distribution Network called RUDI to help women lin k with other villages in a 100-km radius. Next came a cooperative bank called SEWA Bank in 1974 to help these women have access to banking services which otherwise were not available.Like a banyan tree the SEWA today has spread to countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. ————————————————- Ela R Bhatt ————————————————- Extremely gentle and soft-spoken, yet firm and determined and widely recognized as pioneer in pushing for entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development leading to women empowerment – this is the practicing Gandhian economics and septuagenarian, Ela R Bhatt, popularly known as Elaben by members of Self Employed Women's Association or SEWA, which she founded in 1972.She helped the self-employed women to organize themselves. Its members include vegetable vendors, fisherwomen, bidi-rollers, weavers, and saltpan workers who were exploited for generations by middlemen. ————————————————- SEWA empowered them to explore direct market linkages, removing middlemen from the chain. Next it propagated the concept of self-reliance by producing and marketing to other villages leading to self-sustained village economy.It has formed 102 cooperatives including milk and grain and a Rural Distribution Network called RUDI to help women link with other villages in a 100-km radius. Next came a cooperative bank called SEWA Bank in 1974 to help these women have access to banking services which otherwise were not available. Like a banyan tree the SEWA today has spread to countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. ————————————â €”———- Ela Bhatt Of SEWA Awarded Indira Gandhi Prize For Promoting Peace :New Delhi, 18 Feb (Tehelka Bureau): Ela Bhatt is a name which has seen the transformation of close to 17 lakh people in the last four decades. As one of the founders of Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), she has promoted the cause of women relentlessly allowing millions of them to become independent and self reliant. The impact of her work has been recognized consistently and it was lauded once again on Monday when she was honored by the President of India with the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development.This makes Bhatt only the third Indian in the history of the award to receive the prize constituted in the memory of the late Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. The other Indian recipients are former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and father of green revolution MS Swaminathan. Bhatt used the opportunity to re-examine the idea of peace and interpreted it as an instrument which disarms and renders war useless. Equating poverty with day-to-day violence, she found it to be no less destructive than war and said that its removal is essential for building peace.Stressing on the need to address the â€Å"realities of our own countries rather than catching up with the western economic models†, Bhatt urged the people to follow a principle which ensures six basic necessities- food, shelter, clothing, primary education, primary healthcare and primary banking- are available within a 100 mile distance. â€Å"If these necessities are locally produced and consumed, we will have the growth of a new holistic economy,† she said. ————————————————- The President praised her by calling the prize a â€Å"tribute to her unflinching zeal towards the betterment of women in society†New Delhi, 18 Feb (Tehelka Bureau):  Ela Bhatt is a name which has seen the transformation of close to 17 lakh people in the last four decades. As one of the founders of Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), she has promoted the cause of women relentlessly allowing millions of them to become independent and self reliant. The impact of her work has been recognized consistently and it was lauded once again on Monday when she was honored by the President of India with the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development.This makes Bhatt only the third Indian in the history of the award to receive the prize constituted in the memory of the late Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. The other Indian recipients are former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and father of green revolution MS Swaminathan. Bhatt used the opportunity to re-examine the idea of peace and interpreted it as an instrument which disarms and renders war useless. Equating poverty with day-to-day violence, she found it to be no less destructiv e than war and said that its removal is essential for building peace.Stressing on the need to address the â€Å"realities of our own countries rather than catching up with the western economic models†, Bhatt urged the people to follow a principle which ensures six basic necessities- food, shelter, clothing, primary education, primary healthcare and primary banking- are available within a 100 mile distance. â€Å"If these necessities are locally produced and consumed, we will have the growth of a new holistic economy,† she said   ————————————————- ————————————————-Dr. Ela Bhatt, recipient of the University of Chicago's 2007 William Benton Medal for Distinguished Public Service, presented a public lecture on Novermber 27th in the Weymouth Kirkland C ourtroom. Ela R. Bhatt is widely recognized as one of the world’s most remarkable pioneers and entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development. Known as the â€Å"gentle revolutionary† she has dedicated her life to improving the lives of India’s poorest and most oppressed women workers, with Gandhian thinking as her source of guidance.In 1972, Dr. Bhatt founded the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) – a trade union which now has more than 1,000,000 members. Founder Chair of the Cooperative Bank of SEWA, she is also founder and chair of Sa-Dhan (the All India Association of Micro Finance Institutions in India) and founder-chair of the Indian School of Micro-finance for Women. Dr. Bhatt was a Member of the Indian Parliament from 1986 to 1989, and subsequently a Member of the Indian Planning Commission.She founded and served as chair for Women’s World Banking, the International Alliance of Home-based Workers (HomeNet), and Women in Infor mal Employment: Globalizing, Organizing (WIEGO). She also served as a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation for a decade. Dr. Bhatt has received several awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award, the Right Livelihood Award, the George Meany-Lane Kirkland Human Rights Award, and the Legion d’honneur from France. She has also received honorary doctorates from Harvard, Yale, the University of Natal and other academic institutions.In 2007, Dr. Bhatt was named a member of The Elders, an international group of leaders whose goals include catalyzing peaceful resolutions to long-standing conflicts, articulating new approaches to global issues that are causing or may cause immense human suffering, and sharing wisdom by helping to connect voices all over the world. The Benton Medal The William Benton Medal for Distinguished Public Service is given to individuals who have rendered distinguished public service in the field of education. This field includes â€Å"not only teachers but also . . . veryone who contributes in a systematic way to shaping minds and disseminating knowledge. † Previous Benton Medal recipients include John Callaway, Katharine Graham, and Senator Paul Simon. ————————————————- Source: http://www. law. uchicago. edu/node/1502 ————————————————- ————————————————- The President of India Pranab Mukherjee on 18 February 2013 conferred 2011 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development Award to Ela Ramesh Bhatt, a renowned Women social worker.The award was given away at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi. Ela Bhatt was given away the award for life time achievements in women empowerment, promotion of gra ssroot level entrepreneurship as well as contribution towards promotion of equitable development and peace. Ela Bhatt has her organisation SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association). President Pranab Mukherjee while giving away the award announced that SEWA was a vehicle of self employment and self reliance for the Indian women, while at the same time being synonymous with the rural inclusiveness. Ela Bhatt †¢ Ela Bhatt is the founder of more than 1 million SEWAs in India. Since years, Ela Bhatt has been working for women empowerment and bringing women out of poverty through promotion of Self Help Groups. †¢ SEWA has empowered women with freedom as well as financial self- reliance (Source: http://www. jagranjosh. com/current-affairs/ela-bhatt-conferred-2011-indira-gandhi-prize-for-peace-disarmament-and-development-award-1361254391-1) ————————————- It honours the hard work of the poor: Ela Bhatt Tuesday, Feb 19, 2013, 16:44 IST | Place: Ahmedabad | Agency: DNA Says Ela Bhatt on receiving Indira Gandhi peace prize.Noted social worker Ela Ramesh Bhatt was on Monday conferred the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development by President Pranab Mukherjee. After receiving the award, Elaben (80), founder of Self-Employed Women's Association (Sewa), said the prize is recognition of hard work by the all poor working women and their leadership worldwide, who hold peace, disarm violence and reduce poverty with their honest work. She said that award has given her the opportunity to explore what constitutes the peace. â€Å"I have often stated that poverty is violence.This violence is by consensus of society that lets other human beings go without roti, kapada and makan. Poverty is not god given. It is a moral collapse of our society. Garibi hatao to me also meant, indeed, shanti banao. Garibi Hatao is a peace song,† said founder of Sewa which has 17 lakh members now. She said that when Mahatma Gandhi talked about Swaraj, he talked about economic decentralisation. She urged people to ensure that six basic needs are met from resources within 100 miles. ————————————————- â€Å"I call it the 100-mile principle.If food, shelter, clothing, primary education, primary healthcare and primary banking are locally produced and consumed, we will have the growth of a new holistic economy that the world will take note of,† she said. She insisted that catching up with the western economic models will turn us into incompetent followers, not leaders. ————————————————- (Source: http://www. dnaindia. com/ahmedabad/1801728/report-it-honours-the-hard-work-of-the-poor-ela-bhatt ——————â €”—————————- Ela Bhatt conferred prestigious Indira Gandhi PrizeFeb 18, 2013 Ela Bhatt, a well-known social worker, was honored for her life time achievements in empowering women and promoting grass root level entrepreneurship. Ela Bhatt, founder of the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), was presented with the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for the year 2011 by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee at a glittering ceremony today. Ela Bhatt was honoured for her life time achievements in empowering women, promoting grassroot level entrepreneurship and for her contribution towards promoting equitable development and peace.Ela Bhatt is known globally for her work over decades (though officially only since 1972) that has created SEWA with a membership in excess of 1. 3 million. She also founded the SEWA Cooperative Bank in 1974, which has an outreach of 3 million women —    simple figures that speak volumes of her dedicated efforts and leadership to successfully bring women out of poverty into a life of self-confidence and esteem. Speaking on the ocassion President Pranab Mukherjee said Ela Bhat's orgainisation SEVA has today become synonymous with rural inclusiveness and a vehicle of self employment and self reliance for women.The President praised her work for bringing women out of poverty and empowering them with the freedom to choose and attaining financial self-reliance through the promotion of Self Help. Congratulating her, the President said her life and work is reflective of the philosophy and ideals espoused by India's former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in whose memory the prize was instituted. The President said Ms Bhatt’s example would spur many more initiatives in our country and elsewhere, aimed at renewal of society and all-round development of people. If women are under represented in the productive efforts of our economy, i t is not only injudicious but also detrimental to the cause of social progress,† the president. â€Å"Due to the untiring efforts of Ms. Bhatt, SEWA has become an effective vehicle for promotion of self employment and self reliance amongst women. To realize these goals, the organization has been providing support services in the areas of savings and credit, health care, child care, legal aid, insurance, capacity building and communication. It has become a multi-dimensional entity – a labour collective, a co-operative and a women’s movement. ————————————————- Speaking on the occassion, India's Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh said, â€Å"By saying that poverty is the moral failure of a society, Ela-ben throws down the gauntlet to society at large. Her own attempt to attack poverty by organizing poor women and helping them empower themselves economical ly is at once aimed at the twin evils of poverty and gender discrimination. † Ela Bhatt : The ‘gentle revolutionary’; a pioneer in women’s empowerment and grassroots development, founder of the more than 1 million-strong Self-Employed Women’s Association in India.There are risks in every action. Every success has the seed of some failure. But it doesn't matter. It is how you go about it. That is the real challenge. † Ela Bhatt has been a member of The Elders since the group was founded in 2007. Profoundly influenced by Gandhian thinking, she advocates local, grassroots solutions for those who are poor, oppressed or suffering the effects of violent conflict. She joined her fellow Elders to encourage peaceful Palestinian protest and self-reliance during The Elders’ two delegations to  Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.One of India’s foremost women’s rights activists, Ela Bhatt welcomed the Elders to India in F ebruary 2012, where the group lent their support to young people in the state of Bihar campaigning to end  child marriage  in their own communities. One of India’s foremost women’s rights activists, Ela Bhatt welcomed the Elders to India in February 2012, where the group lent their support to young people in the state of Bihar campaigning to end  child marriage  in their own communities. â€Å"We are poor, but so many†Ela Bhatt is one of the world’s most remarkable pioneers and entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development. Known as the ‘gentle revolutionary’, she has dedicated her life to improving the lives of India’s poorest and most oppressed women workers. In 1972 she founded the  Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), a trade union for women workers in India’s huge informal sector, who make up 94 per cent of the female labour force and yet have never enjoyed the same rights and security as those in f ormal employment.Today SEWA has more than 1. 2 million members across nine Indian states. â€Å"We may be poor, but we are so many. Why don’t we start a bank of our own? Our own women’s bank, where we are treated with the respect and service that we deserve. †Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Chandaben, SEWA member The following year, Ela Bhatt founded the  Cooperative Bank of SEWA. The bank helps women to gain financial independence and raise their standing in their families and communities – and puts into practice the Gandhian principles of self-reliance and collective action.Empowering women workers Among the organisations Ela Bhatt has created and inspired, she founded and chairs: * Sa-Dhan (the All India Association of Micro Finance Institutions in India) * The Indian School of Micro-finance for Women * Women’s World Banking * The International Alliance of Home-based Workers (HomeNet) * Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing, Organizing (WIEGO)| She has also served as a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation for more than ten years.In recognition of her work to improve the status of women and the working poor in India and elsewhere, Ela Bhatt was awarded the first-ever Global Fairness Initiative Award, the Ramon Magsaysay Award, the Right Livelihood Award, the George Meany-Lane Kirkland Human Rights Award, and the Legion d’honneur from France. She has also received honorary doctorates from Harvard, Yale and the University of Natal. ————————————————- Women, work and peace Ela Bhatt,  18 February 2013 â€Å"Poverty is day-to-day violence, no less destructive than war. Receiving the 2011 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development, Ela Bhatt re-examines our idea of peace, arguing that equity, local economies and the empowerment of women through work are central to supporting economic freedoms, and therefor e peace. Honorable President of India, Honorable Shrimati Sonia Gandhi, Honorable Prime Minister of India, and distinguished dignitaries and friends: Thank you for this singular honor. I humbly accept the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development on behalf of the self-employed women of  SEWA. This year, SEWA is 40 years old; I turn 80.We are a sisterhood of 17  lakh  [1. 7 million]. Our journey is long and perhaps endless. This prize has given honor to all working poor women and their leadership worldwide, who hold peace, disarm violence and reduce poverty with their honest work. And therefore, it gives me deep contentment to be here today. I still hope someday they will hold a central place in our economy. This peace prize gives us an opportunity to re-examine our ideas of what constitutes peace. Certainly, absence of war is not peace. Peace is what keeps war away, but it is more than that; peace disarms and renders war useless.Peace is a condition enjoyed by a fair and fertile society. Peace is about restoring balance in society; only then is it lasting peace. In my view, restoration and reconstruction of a society are essential and key components of the peace process worldwide. If we look carefully at our world, we find that where there is unfair distribution of resources, there is unrest. When people cannot enjoy the fruits of their labors fairly, when they are forced off their land and homestead and forest, we have the basis of an unjust society. Where there is violence and conflict, we invariably find poverty.And where there is poverty, we find anger and acute struggles for justice and equity. And we see governments resorting to repression for ensuring ‘law and order’. I have often stated that poverty is violence. This violence is by consensus of society that lets other human beings go without  roti  and  kapada  and  makan. Poverty is not God-given. It is a moral collapse of our society. Poverty strips a per son of his or her humanity and takes away freedom. Poverty is day-to-day violence, no less destructive than war. Poverty is lack of peace and freedom. In fact, removing poverty is essentially building peace.I know I am not saying anything new. Garibi Hatao  to me also meant indeed  Shanti Banao. Garibi Hatao  is a peace song. In India, we are proud of our multicultural society. Bahudha  is at the heart of what makes us who we are: social diversity, political diversity, religious diversity, biological diversity. But in our rush to modernise let us not forget one of our greatest assets: our economic diversity. In our markets, we have the street vendor, the cart seller, the kiosk owner, the shop owner, and the supermarket owner, all plying their trades at the same time.Let them cater to different strata of society, co-existing and competing in a natural, organic way. Let our planning include ample room for the millions of small entrepreneurs and self-employed, who cater to the widest strata of society, to flourish and grow. They are the agents of an economic development that reaches the grassroots; they weave the living web of social and economic relationships that will bind our nations together. Gandhiji talked about  swaraj; he talked about economic decentralization. I would urge us to ensure that six basic primary needs are met from resources within 100 miles around us. I call it the â€Å"100 mile principle†.If food, shelter, clothing, primary education, primary healthcare and primary banking are locally produced and consumed, we will have the growth of a new holistic economy, which the world will sit up and take note of. And it  is  possible in and around India – in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan – women have done it. Catching up with western economic models will turn us into incompetent followers, not leaders. But if we address the realities of our own countries, we can create a development that makes u s leaders of our destiny. Let me make clear, however, that the 100 mile principle is not a recipe for isolation.I am not asking at all that we go back but move forward with heightened awareness about how and where we spend our money and what our work is doing to us and those around us. In fact, technologies can help to share knowledge and ideas across countries. However, we do need to get away from a world where people grow what they do not eat, and eat what they do not grow; where they have lost control over their basic production and daily consumption; where they have become part of a system whose outcomes are determined by people far away, in a manner not in their interest and outside their control.This awareness is already growing among the younger generation the world over. In India, we have a running start because our local economies are still alive. Let us give them the respect they deserve by investing in people who survive despite our neglect. And where do we start? I have faith in women. Women have shown, if we care to observe, that disarmament in the end is not a treaty by two nations to render arms useless, though such treaties are much-needed in this world. In my experience, as I have seen within India and in other countries, women are the key to rebuilding a community. Why?Focus on women and you will find an ally who wants a stable community. She wants roots for her family. You get a worker, a provider, a caretaker, an educator, a networker, a forger of bonds. I consider thousands of poor working women’s participation and representation an integral part of the peace and development process. Women bring constructive, creative and sustainable solutions to the table. Also, in my experience, productive work is the thread that weaves a society together. When you have work, you have an incentive to maintain a stable society. You cannot only see the future, but you can plan for the future.You can build assets and invest in the next generation. Li fe is no longer just about survival. Work builds peace because work gives people roots, as well as allowing them to flower; it builds communities and it gives meaning and dignity to one’s life. Work restores man’s relationships with himself, with fellow human beings, with the earth and the environment, and with the great spirit that created us all. Being one of The Elders, I listen to Nelson Mandela, dear Madiba, telling us frequently that â€Å"money won’t create success, but the freedom to make it, will. True, in Gaza, the men and women said to me, â€Å"Without work we can neither forgive nor forget, because what have we to look forward to? † In a Sudanese camp, I heard refugees crying for work, not charity. After the earthquake in Kutch, when I visited the area, everywhere I went the women, who had lost everything, said to me, â€Å"Ben, have you brought work? † By work, I do not mean sweatshops and cheap labour in factories that leave a perso n a slave to yet another kind of exploitation.Treating land and forests and people and even work as a commodity cannot build a fuller human being, nor a holistic society. Such work strips them of the multifunctional, multicultural character of work that fosters a dynamic and organic growth in society. A woman who tends a small plot of land, grows vegetables, weaves cloth, and provides for the family and the market, while caring for the financial, social, educational and emotional needs of her family is multifunctional worker and the builder of a stable society.One who labours long hours at a factory where he has no control of his work or his skills, contributes one product to society whose work is ‘measured’ and therefore given greater credence by us, while her work is unaccounted and ignored. It is the GDP at the household level that matters. The use of word ‘domestic’ in GDP should not be overlooked. Peace and development cannot be measured in numbers. I do hope that one day peace and development will shine on the face of our land and the people, and the world will enjoy the wisdom of my India.Thank you very much. Ela Bhatt delivered this speech upon accepting the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development, on 18 February 2013 in New Delhi. ————————————————- Source: http://theelders. org/article/welcoming-my-fellow-elders-india Welcoming my fellow Elders to India â€Å"We hope to listen to girls affected by child marriage, their parents, their teachers and community leaders – and amplify their needs and concerns in our conversations with government, media and other influential people. Ela Bhatt is joined in India by her fellow Elders Desmond Tutu, Gro Brundtland and Mary Robinson at the start of a week-long visit focusing on the empowerment of girls and women. I am very happy to be welcoming my frie nds Desmond Tutu, Gro Brundtland and Mary Robinson to India. This is the first time the Elders have travelled here as a group, and I hope that by the end of our visit to Delhi and Bihar, we will have become even â€Å"wiser†. Our aim is to listen and learn, not lecture. I also hope this is the beginning of a continued relationship with the people and leaders of India.As some of you may already know, the Elders work together as independent global leaders, supporting peace-building and human rights. These issues are closely related in my view. Peace, human rights and human development go hand in hand, and the Millennium Development Goals – the international benchmarks for progress on poverty, health, education and other issues – are a very important tool. I strongly believe that peace is not a political issue, it’s a human one, and will only be achieved when everyone has the freedom to grow at their own pace and to fulfill their potential.In India, the focu s of our visit is to support Indian girls in particular to realize their full potential by drawing attention to the practice of child marriage. In this way, we hope we will also contribute towards India’s own development as a peaceful partner in the global family of nations. In the developing world an estimated one in three girls is married before the age of 18. One in seven marries before 15. Around ten million girls a year are affected by child marriage and one third of them live in India. Child marriage is, however, a truly global practice.It occurs across all major religions and regions, from West and East Africa to South Asia, the Middle East, Latin America and communities in Europe and the United States. There are many reasons why child marriage happens, but we now recognize that marrying later, delaying pregnancy and continuing girls’ education, providing them adequate skills and financial literacy, are all important ways to support development and build a more peaceful world. As I mentioned, the Elders are not here to lecture or prescribe.Nevertheless as home to a significant proportion of the world’s child brides, addressing this issue in India is very important on the global scale. What we hope to do is to listen to girls affected by child marriage, their parents, their teachers and community leaders – and amplify their needs and concerns in our conversations with government, media and other influential people. I am very sympathetic to the difficult decisions that families must make here in India. Even if they want their daughters to be educated, there are often no schools nearby, especially outside the big towns and cities.Physical security is a real concern if girls have to travel long distances or stay in dormitories away from home. In India, family and community are also central to most people’s security – both physical and financial. Marriages are not just between individuals, but weave together families and communities in mutually supportive networks. This makes marriage complex and important to social cohesion. Like everywhere in India, we are seeing change. I have seen differences in age of marriage from my mother’s generation to my own, and my daughters’. But it is far too slow.We hope that the Elders’ contribution will help to create an enabling environment where everyone works together – government, young people, media, NGOs, and businesses too – so that girls can become equal members of the family, not second class members, and can truly fulfil their potential. We look forward to sharing our thoughts along the way, and hope that you will join the conversation too. ———————————————————————————— Peace by practice: Mandela Day 2011 Ahead of Mandela Day 2011, Ela Bhatt asks how we can live up to NelsonMandela's example and discusses the power of â€Å"thinking local† to change our communities and create a better world. To me, Nelson Mandela is a supreme symbol of freedom’s struggle. Next week, on 18 July, he will celebrate his 93rd birthday, a daythat around the world people now recognise as ‘Mandela Day’. Let us take this opportunityto reflect on the life of a man we have come to know and respect as a great leader, one who sacrificed his own freedom for the freedom of his people. How best do we honour his achievements? What can we do to live up to Madiba’s example? Looking for a solutionIt is often said that the problems facing our world are too overwhelming or intractable – that you find endless conflict, injustice and poverty. I agree that if you want to fixthe world’s problems, you have a mightytask. In my own country, India, the scale of the poverty we see is enough to break you r heart. After decades of independence, freedom has still not come to everycitizen – discrimination has taken new forms, and the poorest of the poor live on the margins, the invisible engine of our so-called ‘Tiger economy’. When we see such suffering, it is natural to wish to solve everything at once.We turn to our governments for a solution, and feel frustrated when theyfail to act. But I have never been one to argue that governments have all the answers. Change is up to us Our greatest source of strength is right under our noses; the families, work-places and communities that give us strong foundations, on which equal societies are built. Thinking local, we can turn power upside down. In my work with Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), I have seen some of the poorest, most vulnerable women transform their lives and the communities theylive in.From being home-based workers, landless labourers or illiterate food vendors they have claimed their right s and have become the owners of their own resources, the beneficiaries of their own land. They meet resistance from the authorities at everystage but theystand firm, together, saying â€Å"We are poor, but so many! † I believe strongly that to bring widespread change, we must first make that change ourselves. Another great teacher, Mahatma Gandhi, imagined this as ripples in water, small circles of change that grow ever wider.Our actions have an impact we may never even see. Peace by practice Rather than find yourself immobilised bythe scale of the world’s problems, look around you. Even when a problem is right under your nose, it is easyto ignore it – we curse fate, blame tradition or sayâ€Å"it’s God’s will. † But you will not have to search far before you find people who are hungry, lonely, downtrodden, persecuted – sometimes we just need a reason to reach out to them. When Nelson Mandela founded The Elders, he invoked the idea of ubuntu: that we are human onlythrough the humanity of others.What he describes is more than charity, it is a certain outlook or way of life. Byserving others, we actuallyfulfil our own humanity – these actions are full of faith, a form of prayer. This Mandela Day – a dayfor personal, local action – let us spend our energies serving our own communities to honour the 67 years Nelson Mandela dedicated to fighting for a better world. (Source : ————————————————- Harvard varsity to honour Ela Bhatt (Source: http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2011-03-14/ahmedabad/28687384_1_ela-bhatt-sewa-honour )BOSTON: The prestigious  Harvard University  will honor Ela Bhatt, founder of the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA), for her â€Å"life and work† that has had a â€Å"significant impact on society† . Bhatt (77), whose trade union has helped over a million women in  India  gain access to opportunities for themselves and their families, will be awarded the Radcliffe Institute Medal by Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. She would be presented the medal, awarded annually to individuals who have substantially and positively influenced society, on Radcliffe Day on May 27.Some of the illustrious past winners include  Toni Morrison  in 2007,  Margaret Atwood  in 2003, Billie Jean King in 2002 and  Alice Walker  in 1992. â€Å"The Radcliffe Institute is proud to honor her this year, in which gender in the developing world is one of its dominant themes,† the Institute said. Recipient of several prestigious awards, Ela Bhatt founded SEWA in 1972. Conceived as a women's trade union, SEWA has grown into an NGO that offers micro-lending , health and life insurance and child care — all overseen by more than a hundred women-run cooperatives.In January 2010, SEWA membe rship had reached 1. 2 million. Bhatt has been recognised for her long battle for social justice. In November last year, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had honoured Bhatt with the Global Fairness Initiative Award for helping move more than a million poor women in India to a position of dignity and independence. Radcliffe Day is the Institute's annual celebration of women, as well as the alumnae and fellows of Radcliffe College and the Radcliffe Institute.It is traditionally held on the day after Harvard's commencement. The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University is a scholarly community where individuals pursue advanced work across a wide range of academic disciplines, professions and creative arts. Within this broad purpose , the institute sustains a continuing commitment to the study of women, gender and the society. ————————————————- An exhibiti on on Ahmadabad’s forgotten heroine TNN  Nov 17, 2012, 06. 44AM ISTAHMEDABAD: She was respected by lakhs of textile workers and the poor – Anasuya Sarabhai(1885-1972), fondly known as ‘Motaben', holds a unique place in the history of the country. She is best remembered for joining hands with  Mahatma Gandhi  in leading the historic strike of mill workers in Ahmedabad, which eventually led to the founding of the country's first Textile Labour Association (TLA), in 1920. A 13-day exhibition, starting on Saturday is being held in the city, chronicling Motaben's life. It also marks the 40th anniversary of the founding of Sewa (Self-employed Women's Association) as well as the 127th birthday of Anasuya Sarabhai. Her reputation among mill workers, and the love and trust they showed in her leadership, were key to Gandhiji's eventual success,† says Somanth Bhatt, who conjured up rare pictures of Anasuya for an exhibition at Shantisadan on Mirzapur Road in the walled city. â€Å"Anasuyaben's thoughts and spirit nurtured Gandhi's ideologies. This is the first time a labour organization is getting involved in an exhibition for a labour leader, Motaben,† says founder of Sewa, Ela Bhatt, who first worked with Motaben in 1955. Shantisadan was where Ansuyaben lived and founded the labour movement. This is a rare oppurtunity to exhibit history in the place where it occured. The unique thing about this exhibition is that it is presented in a way that speaks about Anasuyaben in her own words and photographs,† says Bhatt. She further adds, â€Å"Many would not know this but Motaben was the force behind the major labour laws of our country. In my opinion, Motaben and her contribution to the reedom struggle and labour movement should become part of school textbooks. † ————————————————- Ela Bhat Source : http://www. tole rance. org/activity/ela-bhat) â€Å"I realized that although eighty percent of women in India are economically active, they are outside the purview of legislation. † Ela's Story Born in 1933 to a middle class, well-educated family, Ela Bhatt has spent her life fighting for the rights and welfare of India's ‘invisible' workers. Her grandparents worked with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-violent struggle for Indian Independence from the British. Deeply influenced by Gandhi, Ela has followed his ideals all her life.She has pioneered the idea that people themselves, no matter how poor or uneducated, are able to solve their own problems if they organize together to do so. To help provide this, she founded SEWA, the Self-Employed Women's Association. Called â€Å"one of the best – -if not the best – – grassroots programmes for women on the planet,† SEWA proved so successful that it has become a model for micro-finance programs in other parts of the worl d. Ela started as a lawyer with the Textile Labour Association (TLA) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, a union founded by Gandhi, who had deep respect for India's textile producers.Working in the women's division, Ela soon found that women were doing many of the labor-intensive tasks needed in textile production, as well as in other fields of work. However, as workers, they were invisible. Out- raged, Ela said, â€Å"Personally, I don't think there can be any greater injustice to anybody in the world than to have one's work contribution negated†¦ Who is the backbone of any economy in the country? It's the poor! Yet they are not recorded as workers in the national census. They are described as non-workers! Home-based workers are the least visible of all. In the textile industry, contractors give the women cloth pieces which are already cut out to form parts of a garment. The women sew the garments together at home and return them to the contractor. The women have to work fast and for long hours, because they are paid by the piece. Often, young daughters help with the sewing after school. The contractor would pay whatever he wished, often an extremely low rate of 4-5 rupees per day. The women, because they were unorganized, had no way to demand higher rates.Other women workers in the informal sector also had very difficult working conditions and were often exploited. These women included vegetable sellers, rag pickers, bidi rollers (a hand-rolled cigarette), incense makers, cleaners, laborers, cart pullers, and silk and cotton workers. â€Å"I realized that although eighty percent of women in India are economically active, they are outside the purview of legislation. † Ela recognized that these women needed the help that they could get only through organizing together as a large group. To meet that need, she founded SEWA in 1972 to organize for better pay and working conditions.SEWA, which today has 250,000 members, helped workers at the lowest level of societ y become empowered to take control of their lives. It soon became apparent that women workers had a serious problem with money and banking. Even though many of the women worked twelve hours a day or more, they made little money, had no savings, and never had enough capital to improve their conditions. For example, a home- based textile assembler might have to pay high rent on the sewing machine she used. She never had enough money at one time to buy the machine.Even if a woman was able to get a little money together, the money often was not safe at home, where men felt entitled to whatever was in the house. If a women wanted to borrow money to further her business (for example, to buy extra vegetables to sell in the market), she would have to borrow from money lenders at outlandish rates, sometimes 50% per day. Since women's wealth was often in the form of jewelry, they also got funds through pawning. Because they were largely illiterate, these women were unable to sign their names at a bank and were unfamiliar with banking routines.A male relative would have to sign for them, gaining access to the money. In addition, bankers, who had never dealt with illiterate low-income women, treated them badly. SEWA had a meeting to which 2000 women came and told of their difficulties with the banks. Finally, someone said, â€Å"Let's start our own bank! † Others agreed, and the idea was underway. SEWA Bank was registered in 1974 with 4,000 members. When money had to be raised to register the bank, the women, saying, â€Å"We are poor, but we are so many! † raised the needed RS. 100,000 within six months.Ela says that the idea that illiterate women cannot be decision-makers in finance is an untrue middle-class notion. A major problem was that the women could not sign their names. How could they be identified at SEWA Bank? SEWA found a way that was so successful it is now used in banks throughout India. Each woman was photographed holding a slate with her ban k account number on it. One copy of the photo was in her bank passbook, while another copy was kept at the bank. This definite identification meant that women could now have money in their own names: men were no longer part of the process.When a woman joins SEWA Bank, the first step is saving. The woman must save an amount every week, no matter how small. Even if she makes only RS. 4, she is encouraged to save half a rupee. SEWA even provides a locked piggy bank for the purpose, and representatives from sewa come to the woman's home to take the savings to the bank. After acquiring the habit of saving, a woman will be allowed to take out a loan. Designed to meet the needs of low-income women, the loans are small with a long payback period, up to 36 months. Ela pioneered the concept of micro-lending, the idea that very small amounts, as small as $5, may be all hat is needed to make a difference. Women used the loans for practical purposes: buying equipment they had formerly rented, ex panding a business, installing indoor plumbing, and paying for children's education. Over 95% of the loans are repaid on time, a much higher repayment rate than for other banks. SEWA Bank also educates and assists the women through other services, such as day care, maternity protection, and job training. SEWA Bank, which now has over us $3 million in assets, has been so successful that there are now branches in other parts of India, and men have even asked to be included.It is important to realize that all this has been accomplished without any outside financial help whatsoever. The women did it themselves. Most important, the SEWA Bank model, through its concepts of micro-finance, has been used to empower poor women throughout the world. Towards this end, Ela joined with nine other women at the first UN World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975; these women shared the belief that the world's financial institutions must become accessible to low-income women. Incorporated in 1 979, Women's World Banking now has 43 affiliates in 35 countries.Ela Bhatt has served as its chair since 1985. The far-reaching effects of Ela Bhatt's work have been recognized internationally through many awards, including the Right Livelihood Award (the alternate Nobel Prize) for ‘Changing the Human Environment' in Stockholm in 1984. Formal Economy In India today, only about 11% of workers hold regular jobs with formal employer- employee relationships. These jobs are documented and the workers are protected by whatever laws are available. Informal Economy Nearly 89% of India's workers are undocumented.Their work in the informal sector is usually not covered by legal protection that may be available to workers in formal sector jobs. They work either on their own, or as piece workers with a contractor or middleman, in relationships that depend on verbal agreement. Home-based Work Part of the informal economy, this work is done at home, usually by women. She gets raw materials from a contractor or middleman, assembles the finished product, and brings it to the middleman for payment. Often at the mercy of the contractor, she must accept whatever pay he is willing to give.This type of worker is the most invisible in the economy. Macro-Finance Works with the large amounts of money used by banks, governments, stock markets, corporations, and other large institutions. Micro-Finance Micro-finance works with the very small amounts of money actually used by low-income people. It is often the most appropriate way to implement social programs at the grassroots level. Things to Do and Discuss 1 Imagine that you are a poor woman working in Gujarat, India. Construct a family, home, and job for yourself. You may want to consult a book or encyclopedia to get more information.What problems do you think you would have? How would you use a loan from SEWA Bank to improve the lives of yourself and your family? 2 How is women's work considered in your own country? In what way s is it similar or different from the situation in India? Do you think that changes such as SEWA provides would be useful in your country? ————————————————- Interview with Ela Bhatt Founder of the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) A good combination of struggle and constructive work Create, as a strategy, alternative economic organizationsAhmedabad, Gujarat, India | Ela Bhatt. Photo by Nic Paget-Clarke. | | Self-employed  vegetable vendors in Ahmedabad. Click  to see a series of photos. Photo by Nic Paget-Clarke. | Ela Bhatt  is the founder of the  Self Employed Women’s Association(SEWA) and was SEWA’s first general-secretary. Based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, SEWA is the largest single trade union in the country with a membership of 687,000 women. SEWA’s members are vegetable and garment vendors, in-home seamstresses, head-load ers, bidi rollers, paper pickers, construction workers, incense stick makers, and agricultural workers.They come from India's â€Å"unorganized sector† and organize for their just dues and rights. 96% of all women workers in India are in this sector. Among their achievements is the SEWA Bank whose capital is made up entirely of their own contributions. The SEWA Bank was founded in 1974 by 4,000 women each contributing ten rupees. This interview was conducted August 31, 2003 by Nic Paget-Clarke for In Motion Magazine in Ahmedabad. Also see interview with  Jayshree Vyas  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Managing Director of SEWA Bank. * The Independence Struggle * Self-employed laborers * A leading role in the women’s movement You have to be for something * In Gandhi’s thinking * Civil disobedience and sit-in strikes * Satyagraha and street vendors * Face-to-face talk * Alternative economic organizations * Cooperatives and trade unions * Full employment and self-reliance – social change * The diversity of our society * Literacy education * Democratic values * To serve * Changes in the garment industry * Globalization: the construction industry * Embroidery and migration * Only because we had an organization * The interests of the local producers * Using the technology * Changing the balance of powerThe Independence Struggle In Motion Magazine:  What made you think you needed to start the organization SEWA? Ela Bhatt:  I’m a product of the later years of the freedom movement, the independence movement of my country. As we were studying in school and then in college our teachers and everybody around was talking about independence. In the family, also, there was the atmosphere of the independence struggle. My own grandfather, my mother’s father, was in the Salt March. He was in jail. My mother’s two brothers were in jail. (Editor: begun March 12, 1930, the Salt March led by Mohandas (Mahatma) K.Gandhi was a 24-day march from his ashram in Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea to make salt and protest the British ban of an Indian’s right to make salt. ). When I was studying in college, our teachers asked us to go the villages and live with the villagers. Mainly against injustice, against poverty. We never had to question how to do it because Gandhiji had shown the way — how to go about it and what kind of discipline you have to follow. There I met my husband (