History of the Werewolf

The werewolf is a myth that has been around since the ancient Greeks and is still prevalent in today’s culture. Some websites say that the origins of werewolf’s are in the territory of the Fox tribe today known as Wisconsin. People who have seen a werewolf have described it as a tall, greyish white beast that stands on its hind legs. Some legends say that werewolf’s are the seventh child born, others say they are men that have gone on angry rampages killing entire villages in wolf hides, others say the full moon causes men to change into wolves and become violent.Before researching this paper I had questions about where the term werewolf may have originated. I also pondered about when the first recorded sightings may have been for werewolves or how to become a werewolf. During my research I found out that the prefix â€Å"wer† is Saxon for man, so it means man wolf. It is said that the first sighting of a werewolf was recorded in 1550 B. C. near Arcadia. T he story is about King Lycaon of Arcadia who supposedly gave an offering of human flesh to the God Zeus. As a punishment Zeus turned him into a wolf.In Native American mythology it is said that Wisakachek produced the first werewolf. I found out that people can become werewolves through a virus called Lupine Parvovirus or LPV. This can only be transmitted by a wolf bite. Usually a virus takes over a cell and uses it as a factory or host for producing proteins. LPV is different from most viruses in that sense because it transforms the host organism instead of destroying it. The story starts with Wisakachek meeting two boys out hunting for their village.He gave the hunters the ability to shape-shift into wolves in order to catch deer, but only for catching deer not to kill humans. The one boy named Matchitehew got into a scrum with another boy from the village. In his anger he turned into a wolf and killed the boy. The two hunters Keme and Matchitehew were kicked out of the village. W isakachek became furious and casted a spell on Matchitehew that turned him into a mindless wolf every night. Keme left knowing that Matchitehew would not be able to control himself.Matchitehew became known as the father of werewolves. In present times werewolves have more influence than ever. From dominating the screen to books the legend of the werewolf lives on. Movies and books such as Twilight have deep mythical roots. With the books and movies grossing well over three billion dollars we could deduce that werewolves play a role in the world’s economy. Another effect werewolves have on society is they are vicious man eating beasts that may hurt little children. History of the Werewolf The werewolf is a myth that has been around since the ancient Greeks and is still prevalent in today’s culture. Some websites say that the origins of werewolf’s are in the territory of the Fox tribe today known as Wisconsin. People who have seen a werewolf have described it as a tall, greyish white beast that stands on its hind legs. Some legends say that werewolf’s are the seventh child born, others say they are men that have gone on angry rampages killing entire villages in wolf hides, others say the full moon causes men to change into wolves and become violent.Before researching this paper I had questions about where the term werewolf may have originated. I also pondered about when the first recorded sightings may have been for werewolves or how to become a werewolf. During my research I found out that the prefix â€Å"wer† is Saxon for man, so it means man wolf. It is said that the first sighting of a werewolf was recorded in 1550 B. C. near Arcadia. T he story is about King Lycaon of Arcadia who supposedly gave an offering of human flesh to the God Zeus. As a punishment Zeus turned him into a wolf.In Native American mythology it is said that Wisakachek produced the first werewolf. I found out that people can become werewolves through a virus called Lupine Parvovirus or LPV. This can only be transmitted by a wolf bite. Usually a virus takes over a cell and uses it as a factory or host for producing proteins. LPV is different from most viruses in that sense because it transforms the host organism instead of destroying it. The story starts with Wisakachek meeting two boys out hunting for their village.He gave the hunters the ability to shape-shift into wolves in order to catch deer, but only for catching deer not to kill humans. The one boy named Matchitehew got into a scrum with another boy from the village. In his anger he turned into a wolf and killed the boy. The two hunters Keme and Matchitehew were kicked out of the village. W isakachek became furious and casted a spell on Matchitehew that turned him into a mindless wolf every night. Keme left knowing that Matchitehew would not be able to control himself.Matchitehew became known as the father of werewolves. In present times werewolves have more influence than ever. From dominating the screen to books the legend of the werewolf lives on. Movies and books such as Twilight have deep mythical roots. With the books and movies grossing well over three billion dollars we could deduce that werewolves play a role in the world’s economy. Another effect werewolves have on society is they are vicious man eating beasts that may hurt little children.

The advancement of human civilization

The development of products and modernization are in each other’s pocket.   People simply travel by foot before but now, mankind can travel by air, land and sea.A hundred years ago, a company doesn’t need computers to run its business. Today, the need to adopt information technology is a matter of necessity for the survival of business.   The advancement of human civilization is marked by advances in Sciences which is best manifested in the development of products and services available to the people.   As civilization advances, our needs also dynamically change.Advertising is at the core of change because it is primarily the method by which information about new things i.e. products and services are communicated or disseminated for the eventual adoption and acceptance of society. To say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need undermines the important role it plays in introducing and initiating progressive change in society.Moreover, to view advertising in this manner connotes a negative idea because it would distort its static function of information dissemination to a means of manipulating people into believing something that is not true.  Ã‚   Advertising is neither good nor bad but is just a means to an end.Whether that end is good or bad makes advertising good and bad as well.   This on the other hand depends on the perspective of the person who views it or on which side the person is in terms of the information that advertisement carries. An advertising campaign for Nazism is apparently bad for most people but is good in the perspective of advocates of Hitler.Advertising is a component of the marketing process i.e. under product promotion which is designed to inform potential customers about a particular product and service of a company.   Following the essence of marketing, advertisements ultimately tell us about new products that may improve our lives.   â€Å"Marketing is the management process wh ich identifies, anticipates, and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably.† (Hoffmann).Products are developed through market research, which involve understanding needs and preferences of customers and finding a competitive edge or differentiating it from the weaknesses and strengths of one’s competitors.   Products are therefore developed ultimately as a response to the identified and anticipated needs of the people.   Advertising functions to communicate how innovations in new products are able to address those needs for the convenience of people and generally to improve life or advance the civilization.Of course, we don’t need cars, computers or any other appliances to survive. Mankind had evolved to have all the resources he/ she needed for basic survival.   However, mankind is also not static.   It is a rational creature in a constant pursuit to improve its life by creating new products and services.   Cars where invented even thou gh we have feet for transport.   Indeed, we don’t need cars for primordial survival, but transportation had definitely and progressively changed how mankind conducted life.Advertising played the crucial role of introducing not the need but the advantage and convenience of transportation or having a car in as much as it did for all other products and services.   Advertising therefore was essentially meant to inform people of new products that are meant to improve our lives because these new products and services where designed to address or respond to our needs and preferences   In which case, advertising partakes in setting social progress by introduction of new products and services.That advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need may have stemmed from the idea of advertising as a tool for propaganda. Because propaganda as a form of communication through mass media is one sided, some modern theorists are critical and wary that this will be used by the powerful elites to impute and infuse values and beliefs which are not necessarily true but are meant to serve their own selfish purposes.   (Perry).In which case, advertisements are meant to persuade or shape people’s thoughts.   Such is the case for products and services that more than just being informative are astutely designed position product and create company image.They effectively incite people to buy things and patronize products in a subliminal and benevolent approach.   For instance, MasterCard’ priceless campaign emphasize on what is priceless; it gives less attention to the cost of what we buy or the need for buying it.   Nevertheless, credit cards indeed provide us the convenience of paying or carrying cash.   In which case, people need to be critical of the information that they receive.   Whether they need the product or service advertised is ultimately up to the consumer to decide.ReferencesHoffmann, Stefanie. Are the 4 P's of Internationa l Marketing of Equal Importance to All Firms? What Factors Might Cause Some to More Or Less Important Than Others? A Short Article, GRIN Verlag, 2008Perry, D. Theory and Research in Mass Communication: Contexts and Consequences. Erlbaum, Publications, 2002   

Catholic Liturgy

It belongs to the Baptized. Therefore, as worship that includes sacrifice, the liturgy is necessarily a priestly act. As such, it is an exercise of both the baptismal priesthood and the ministerial priesthood – it always involves â€Å"spiritual sacrifice. †Ã‚   Next, within worship it necessary to have signs that signify what they effect – that is, the sanctification of man. The liturgy always involves these sensible realities that represent and effect something else. This means that within the context of liturgy those signs that are used must signify what they effect: i. . the bread and wine signifying and becoming the nourishing and enriching body and blood of Christ. There should be no superfluous signs in the liturgy (i. e. liturgical ministers dressed up as clowns). In this way then, the participants are living sacraments in themselves because they are representing the Bride of Christ offered up to the bridegroom for the salvation of souls. Third, it must be remembered that liturgy is something that is constantly going on in heaven. It is something, here on earth, that is entered into. The assembly gathered does not â€Å"start† liturgy properly speaking, rather they enter into and go forth from (exitus et reditus). Lastly, the liturgy belongs to the baptized as they alone belong to the priesthood of Jesus Christ. It is only those who have been made priests through the waters of Baptism that are in fact in common union with the Church as She exists throughout all time. The liturgy as an act of public worship is the passing over of all that God revealed about Salvation. It is that which fulfills the Old Testament worship. It always has to do with an action that is salvific. The liturgy, as an effect, brings the people together in order to praise God, enables them to participate in â€Å"the sacrifice†, and eat the Lord’s Supper. The Liturgy is always bringing humanity and all creation back into Christ. gt;gt;I hope you enjoyed this quick reflection on the Liturgy. Please feel free to share your comments below. It is my hope and prayer that this site will become a forum of discussion about how we as Catholics can rediscover the nature and beauty of worship amp; liturgy. lt;lt;

Gender role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gender role - Essay Example It is mostly practiced in the night. The restaurants offering nyotaimori in the western societies disinfect the ‘human tables’ and cover the private parts with banana leaves. The ‘human tables’ are also chilled to ensure that the fish doesn’t spoil. All these measures don’t make nyotaimori any less unhygienic. This article is about a children’s book, Hiromi’s Hands, authored by Lynne Barasch. It is about Hiromi. Hiromi is a girl, 27 at the time this article was published, whose father, a shushi chef, had emigrated to and settled in New York City. Her father stayed in New York for more thirty years, during which he met Hiromi’s mother and even opened a shushi restaurant. At 8, Hiromi developed interest in becoming a shushi chef. Her father took her to Fulton Fish Market to introduce her to the shushi basic. After three years of training, she could use the shushi knife and by 20, she had learnt everything about shushi. She takes over when her father makes his first trip to Japan in over three decades. The book has shushi-related illustrations, and some images of Japan and New

CNET article reviews and reflections. 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CNET article reviews and reflections. 2 - Essay Example The performance of Microsoft was even worst in regards to items purchased per customer. Shoppers at the Microsoft store only bought 3.5 items per hour, while customers at the Apple store purchased 17.2 products per hour. One of the reasons for the big advantage in products sold was the sales Apple generated in the music player segment of the market. Apple sold during the time Monster performed its observation 11 iPods per hour. Microsoft did not sell a single Surface during the two hour observation period. One of the limitations of the study was the fact that Gene Monster performed the market research only at one store of each company. The results might have varied a lot at other establishments across America. The discussion of the performance of Microsoft and Apple during Black Friday was very interesting. I believe that the primary reason that Apple outperformed Microsoft is because Apple has a superior product line of electronic gadgets and products. Apple has been more effective at performing research and development to create products that the customers desire. The marketing efforts of Apple have also been more effective than Microsoft. For Microsoft to compete better with Apple the firm must create new innovative products. To improve innovation at Microsoft the firm must recruit young skilled professionals. The startup online company DogVacay is dedicated to matching people that need a dog sitter with people that are willing to take care of the dogs. The company launched its services in March of 2012. The firm has been able in eight months to sign up 8,000 hosts to its network. The rapid growth of the firm attracted venture capitalists. The CEO of the company just received a $6 million investment from Benchmark Capital. Benchmark Capital negotiated in the deal the inclusion of one of its partners, Bill Gurley, to be added to the board of directors of DogVacay. The initial funding of the company came from Science Inc. One of the reasons

Lack of Parental Involvement at a Local Elementary School Negatively Essay

Lack of Parental Involvement at a Local Elementary School Negatively Affects the Academic Success of the Students - Essay Example This paper also investigates the reasons as to why some parents don’t get fully involved, as it has been observed that not all parents participate actively in the education process of their children. The ways through which schools and teachers can have parents get involved actively in educating their kids at home is also closely examined in this paper. Outline Lack of parental involvement at a local elementary school negatively affects the academic success of the students Chapter I: Introduction Chapter one examines the background of the proposal topic (Lack of Parental Involvement in Education and how it affects children and their academic success) by bringing out the statement of the problem. The purpose of the study and research questions has also been stated. In chapter two the secondary information relating to parental involvement in their children’s academic process has been examined and related to the performance of the child. This has been based on the previous studies carried on the topic. Problem Statement As observed by Bryan (2005) it is very likely for student to perform below their potential if parents are not actively involved in their academic progress. However, despite this problem parents as seen still not to be fully involved in their children school activities. As revealed by Wanat (1992), this problem is mainly as a result of lack of time or expertise in the side of the parent. Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the extent in which the involvement of parents in academic process has been lacking and the impact it has caused in the achievement of the children. Chapter II: Study of the Problem Description of the study area This... This paper stresses that it is evident that parents’ involvement in their children education is very vital for the children academic success. It is therefore true that lack of parental involvement would lead to poor performance of their children in school. The findings of this study are expected to examine how good performance of children in school depends to a large extend on parental involvement in children education. It is expected to suggest ways of enhancing parental participation in educating their kids. Therefore, given that data collection tool is a questionnaire to teachers, the research will seek data from the audience best placed to give the best feedback on children and what is required of their parents to improve academic performance. This report makes a conclusion that suggestions likely to be collected from teachers are: calling for parents meetings in school more often, making parents aware that their children good performance depends on their involvement, encouraging parents to assist and supervise their kids when doing their home work as well as encouraging parents to have in place a good study, play and family time home program for their children when not in school. The author of the paper declares that the decision to use schools from one zone in this study could limit the generalization of the findings to other schools but could be useful for illustrations and basis for more research. This is because the study will be carried out under constrain of time and therefore the data sample may not be distributed to many schools but will only be concentrated in ten schools which are close together.

Islamic Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Islamic Finance - Case Study Example Hence, the present state of this Islamic finance is trying to upgrade and cope up with the economic, banking and finance crisis with trend and advance in technology and it seems it will still be involving from generations to generations. The view of charging interest on Islamic finance regarding riba is that their basic idea is they like money contribute to this Islamic finance used to develop mosques’ rather than other projects (Swartz, 2011). In accordance to Sharia Islamic religious law riba is considered manipulative and unlawful (Swartz, 2011). In addition, interest from the contributed money is often criticized because perspective view of these whole issues states that it is an effortless profit where the borrower is expected to pay as a form of compensation to the lender. Even in cases like where creditor has right of possession of debtor’s property if he or she is unable to settle the debt. Therefore, riba is an economic issue concerning the Muslims. In the fact, it is unlawful and discouraged in one way or another since the inception of this Islamic finance and still Islam is still withstanding this beliefs. Hence, the major concern in analysis to this monetary transaction is to evade riba des pite the reality that it is the foundation to growth in economics, banking and finance (Hart, Childs & Boyle, 2013). For Islamic finance to grow and develop a strong basis, banks have introduced use of tawarruq and inah to aid in improving Islamic economic, banking and finance with the intention of replacing the old concepts, which are prohibited in Islam. However, this has ignited controversy and criticism for many believe that the dealings are not Sharia compliant citing their argument that there is no main economic activity involved about Sharia law. Therefore, application of tawarruq and Inah banking system in Islamic finance is invalid and in effective. This is because this monetary institution will face an extensive

Treament for the elderly alcoholic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Treament for the elderly alcoholic - Assignment Example The focus was on the goals and purposes of treatment of elderly alcoholics and how the services he offered could be accessed. We also discussed a variety of crisis situations followed by a question answer session. The outcome of an hour long interview is enumerated as under in detail. Dr. Cowan emphasized that the problem with alcoholism among the elderly is that it plays into a number of other conditions that a patient has. Alcoholism tends to weaken the immune system of an elderly at such a rapid pace that he gets less time to recover. Assessment is a serious problem, he noted, in part because of the ways in which prescription medication can mask it. This is backed up by the literature (Miller, 2010, p. 318). He described the purpose of treating elderly alcoholics is to get them into a treatment program. â€Å"Often times these kinds of patients don't come in to see me. Mostly one of the children decides that enough is enough and it is time for this person to seek treatment. Bigge st thing that one should have to fight alcoholism is the will. If you don't want to get better, you never will.† He emphasized that another goal of treatment is to involve family members as they provide the key support network for elderly people. He identified this as the main way that the services would be accessed: the patients would be brought in by relatives. Media both print and electronic are also being used by people to curtail alcoholism. Family physicians also guide elderly alcoholic patients to visit a classified health professional. Nevertheless, he said, as with all addiction, there is a great deal of resistance. As a doctor, I have to recognize that and do my best to make the process easier. The goal is to leave the person better off than before. He spent some time talking about the importance of the subject. â€Å"There are studies that show alcoholism among the elderly is very prevalent. It is hidden from view in part because elderly people are hidden from view . Part of the problem is that alcoholism can be confused with any number of other health issues. That is not a reason to step away from the study of this disease. If anything, it is a reason to renew our interest. Any time we see a group in society that is falling through the tracks we need to do everything we can to help them. The elderly are more sensitive to the effects of alcohol for a lot of different reasons and their biochemistry has changed with age. That is an interesting issue which I devote a fair amount of study to. The whole ageing process is fascinating. We're all going to end up there one day, so we should know as much as we can.† Looking at alcohol treatment is important, he said, because there is an indication that the amount of abuse is increasing. Some studies indicate that this is the case (Sirvin and Malamut, 2008, p. 515). Finally, we talked about crisis situations that are compelling people to seek help. Deteriorating health because of alcoholism is a ma jor reason that finally makes a patient to seek treatment. Physiatrists, when consulted by individuals also led them to sea a doctor. Self determination to get rid of the abuses and live a better life also made few people to visit a professional. Relatives also motivated to habitual elderly patients to fight the alcoholism. I found Dr. Cowan to be a very knowledgeable and sincere practitioner. The process and the goals that he described made sense to me. It was fascinating to hear

Smart Green Technologies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Smart Green Technologies - Research Paper Example Conservation of energy achieves this role of repairing. Imperatives responsible for controlling energy consumptions utilizes all environmental aspects are being by the help of ICT data centers. Opportunities that can be offered by ICT in helping economies respond well to the drastic effects of climate change are coming to the limelight. These opportunities will make the environment smart with low amounts of pollutants like carbon in the air. Designing of low cost equipment’s that provide value to the end users proves smart. Such equipment that develops from various technologies forms the discussion of this paper (Astorino n.d). Thermostats control the turning off and on of both air and temperature conditions, in businesses and homes. Some people still retain thermostats that tune for the same temperatures throughout the day. Most people do also use digital programmable thermostats that can set for different time periods at different temperatures. These settings last during the day and night. Thermostats whose temperature adjustment settings satisfy the interests and desires of all consumers are now available. Nest learnable thermostat is one such example. Nest learnable thermostat programs itself at different time intervals. It has a patented auto way feature. Auto way is a feature that uses a sensor which keeps track of all activities within the house. It monitors the heating or cooling needed as one moves around the home. When activity ceases for few hours, the machine goes into auto way mode. This turns the temperature settings to either a maximum or minimum that one has preset into its program. The nest learnable thermostat monitors a home at a 150 degree wide angle view sensor. It is in use at an average of nine homes out of ten. The machine is flying off the shelf at a high rate with a friendly cost of $249.00. It sets home temperatures to save money by at least 20% of the expected costs (Thiele 2-10). Apart from programming

Should Abortion be Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should Abortion be Legal - Essay Example Abortion is a very sensitive issue and proponents of abortion believe that it is the right of the woman to opt for this decision. This stand has been opposed by people who believe that the fetus bears the potential to turn into a complete human being and abortion is equivalent to the ending of an individual’s life. Abortion is a controversial issue and it should only be legally allowed in the circumstances where the life of the mother may be in danger owing to the pregnancy and this practice should not be permitted legally in other circumstances. Abortion has been opposed on ethical, religious as well as medical grounds. An individual should use his liberty and thinking to opt for what he considers correct or incorrect. But this freedom should not be used in a wrong way so that it leads to negative effects. Pope John Paul II explained this issue and presented that all human beings should maintain a correct balance between their rights of liberty and the important decisions of their life. Abortion is an example where this balance is lost. The negativities of abortion should be considered before opting for this strong step. Pro-life supporters and ethical groups argue that abortion should be a practice that should only be restricted for cases where the pregnancy can prove to be a risk for the life of the mother or in other untoward incidents like in victims of sexual assault. But these reasons are the least common reasons which account for abortion cases in the United States. It is seen that only one percent of abortions are carried out under these circumstances and 99 percent of the abortions are done as a method of birth control or for other reasons given by women. A better way should be opted by the government to tackle these issues rather than providing for options like abortion. Better techniques include proper and managed awareness programs for the pregnant woman as well as her family. Furthermore, appropriate health management and support should be provided (Quito 2007). Abortion is also highlighted to be wrong by the religious groups. The religious groups claim that reproduction is a natural process of life and it is an ability provided by God to human beings. To disregard and alter this process is incorrect and not justified even on moral grounds. The role of parents is to care and nurture for their children and this role should not be changed into a brutal step of killing one’s own child for reasons like free will. The drawbacks of abortion have also been put forward by many medical groups on the basis of different studies and researches. A research that was published in the year 1994 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute provided insight into the fact that a complete pregnancy improved the health status of a woman and proved to be a shield against the occurrence of breast cancer. The chances of breast cancer are 50 percent greater in females who opt for abortion. This risk following is even higher in femal es who already have a genetic susceptibility of the development of breast cancer owing to the occurrence of the condition in family members. According to Dr. James Moran who was the Director at the Cancer Institute, the initial increase in the levels of estrogen in the female body during pregnancy can alter the normal breast cells. In the initial phase,

Gender Essay Essay Example for Free

Gender Essay Essay During this essay I will be assessing the view that over the recent years the roles of both men and women have changed affecting society and the majority of households. In 1957 Elizabeth Bott as one of the first sociologists to study how the change of leisure, employment and lifestyle affected the roles of husbands and wives. She called these conjugal roles and claimed that there were two main types, segregated and joint. Segregated roles consisted of the splitting of the domestic tasks, where the men took care of the DIY tasks they carried the instrumental role. Womens tasks consisted of the cleaning, the cooking etc. they carried the expressive role. Joint roles meant the domestic labour within a household as distributed evenly. Willmott and Young studied the symmetrical family offering an alternative perspective on conjugal roles, claiming they had become increasingly similar. It appeared that division of labour based on gender was breaking down. Although, many did support this idea their work was challenged by feminist sociologists such as Ann Oakley. She provided some imperial research which dismissed the view of the sharing caring husband. Oakley based her research on interviews in which she had conducted on 40 married women with 1 or more dependant children. It showed that women saw housework and childcare as their prime responsibility and received little help from their husbands. Whereas Willmott and Young had claimed that 72% of men help in the house, this figure indicates that husbands only had to perform one household chore a week. Oakley stated that this is hardly convincing evidence of male domestication and women carried a dual burden, they go to work come home a follow out the domestic labour. However this evidence is 30 years out of date, but it does show that the roles of men and women are gradually moving towards equality and the symmetrical family but are still a long way from it. Fiona Devine conducted a small scale study of car workers families in Luton indicating that mens contribution to domestic labour increased when their wives re-entered paid employment. But the mans role is still secondary; all women remain responsible for childcare and housework where their husbands merely help them. This evidence clearly shows a pure suggestion of division of labour in most household tasks, although the equality and change indicates the tasks are becoming joint due to women working. To help show this trend another piece of research came into focus by Jonathon Gershuny, in which he analysed data from 1974-1987. It showed a gradual increase in the amount of domestic tasks preformed by men, and this increase is greatest when women are in full-time paid employment. Husbands whose wives worked spent double the amount of time cooking and cleaning. Gershuny concludes that women still bear the main burden of domestic labour, and there is a process of lagged adaptation. He thinks it may take up a generation or more until men catch up and make an equal contribution.

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Solving a cognitive dissonance is a good way to look at all your cards on the table, so to speak. The definition of cognitive dissonance is A feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two attitudes. (S.Carpenter, K. Huffman 2010). This is means that cognitive dissonance is a problem that involves how you feel and what you are doing to cause the problem. For an example: a man has stolen a car. He feels upset that he has stolen the car but he is in desperate need of money. The mans attitude is that stealing is wrong and his behavior is that he has stolen a car. To solve this cognitive dissonance, the man will have to either change his attitude (change his belief that stealing is wrong) or his behavior (Give back the car and never steal again). To solve cognitive dissonance you will have to, like I put it, put your cards on the table and resolve your problem(s). Like the stealing man I referenced, he noticed his problem was either his attitude for the whole thing or his behavior. To avoid cognitive dissonance, you can completely ignore the problem. Someone can be a doctor that chain smokes even though they have warned their patients of the dangers of smoking and completely ignore the attitude (guilt for being a hypocrite and endangering their own lives) and the behavior (smoking) and be a smoker without thinking anything wrong or good about it. One example of cognitive dissonance that happened to me is the first and only time I cheated on a test back in high school. I needed to pass an exam because I was out sick for a month and my grade was low. A student was selling the test answers for five dollars and I bought one. When I took the test, I was felt guilty for cheating. My attitude was that cheating was wrong yet my behavior was that I was cheating on my test. I choose to fix my attitude on the grounds of that I REALLY needed to pass the test with flying colors and I felt that studying wasnt going to cut it. It turns out that the test answers were from the wrong test and everyone who bought the answers, like me, failed. Luckily the teacher hated the turn out so much that she allowed everyone to retake it. I got a 95% on my own. I never cheated again.

High Fracture Toughness of Al2O3-TiN0.3 Composites

High Fracture Toughness of Al2O3-TiN0.3 Composites High fracture toughness of Al2O3-TiN0.3 composites prepared via spark plasma sintering Lina Qiaoa, b, Yucheng Zhaoa, Mingzhi Wanga, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ , Yana Yea, Junxing Zhanga, Qin Zoua, Qian Yanga, Hua Dengc, Ying Xingc Abstract Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites with different TiN0.3 contents were spark plasma sintered at 1300–1600  °C for 10 min. Phase identification was characterized through X-ray diffraction. Microstructures were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The fracture toughness of the composite with 30 vol% TiN0.3 sintered at 1500  °C reaches to the highest value of 6.91 MPa m1/2. Based on the first-principles density functional theory, the density of states for TiN and TiNx was calculated. The covalent bonding is weakened and the metallic bonding is strengthened as the nitrogen concentration is reduced in nonstoichiometric TiNx. The active slip systems determined by covalent bonding for the nitrides are possibly increased by adding nonstoichiometric TiN0.3, which improves the fracture toughness of Al2O3-based composites. Keywords: Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites;Fracture toughness; Slip system; Bond calculation 1. Introduction Alumina (Al2O3) ceramics are essential structural materials, but the inherent brittleness has inhibited their applications [1, 2]. The fracture toughness can be improved substantially by adding a secondary reinforcing phase into the matrix. The effects of TiN particles on the mechanical properties of Al2O3-based composites have been widely studied [3–9]. Shen et al. [9] reported that the fracture toughness of Al2O3–TiN composites prepared via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1500  °C reaches to a maximum value of 5.7 MPa m1/2. Li et al. [1] studied the mechanical properties of TiN–Al2O3 nanocomposites prepared by hot pressing at 1550  °C, and pointed out that the highest fracture toughness is 5.27 MPa m1/2. However, there have been few reports about the effects of nonstoichiometric TiN0.3 on the fracture toughness of Al2O3-based composites. In this study, nonstoichiometricTiN0.3 was added into Al2O3 matrix, and the effects of TiN0.3 on the mechanical properties (especially fracture toughness) of the composites were discussed. Nonstoichiometric TiN0.3 synthesized via mechanical alloying (MA) possesses fine grain size and TiN-type structure with numerous N vacancies [10, 11], which are conducive to improving sinterability [11–14]. Furthermore, weakening covalent bond and strengthening metallic bond in TiN0.3 structure [15, 16] may have an important influence on the fracture toughness. This study aims to verify whether or not adding nonstoichiometric materials can increase the fracture toughness of Al2O3-based composites. 2. Experimental Raw materials used include TiN0.3 synthesized through MA [10, 11] and commercial powders Al2O3 (analytically pure, an average particle size of 1 ÃŽ ¼m). Powder mixtures were milled for 2 h in absolute ethanol using WC milling media on a Pulverisette 4 Vario-Planetary Mill (FRTSCH German) at 300 rpm. SPS (3.20 MK-IV, Sumitomo Coal Mining Co., Ltd.) was performed in vacuum (6Ãâ€"10−3 Pa) at different heat treatment temperatures (1300–1600  °C) for 10min at 30 MPa. The heating rate was 100  °C/min. The temperature was determined using an optical pyrometer focused on the non-through hole located on the surface of the graphite die. Phase identification was performed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu KÃŽ ± radiation by using a D/MAX-2500PC diffractometer (Rigaku). Microstructures of the specimen’s polished surface and fracture cross-sections were observed using an S-3400N (Hitachis) scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with electron back-scattered diffraction (Edax-Tsl, Ametek). The bending strength was measured with Instron-5848 MicroTester (America) using the three point bending test with a span length of 13 mm and crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Fracture toughness was determined through the Vickers indentation method proposed by Anstis et. al [17]. Measurements of the hardness and fracture toughness were conducted using an FM-700 Vickers hardness tester (Future-Tech, Japan) by indentation using a pyramidal indenter and applying a 10 kg load for 10 s. 3. Results 3.1 XRD identification and morphology observation Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite sintered via SPS at different temperatures in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min. Only TiN0.3 and ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 phases are detected in the XRD patterns. It suggests that no chemical reaction occurs between the second phase and the matrix. Fig. 2 shows the back-scattered SEM micrograph of the polished surface of Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite sintered via SPS at 1400  °C in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min. The gray grains are Al2O3, while the white ones are TiN0.3. TiN0.3 grains are uniformly dispersed in Al2O3 matrix. Fig. 3 shows the microstructure of the fracture cross-sections of Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite sintered via SPS at different temperatures in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min. When the sintering temperature is raised to 1400  °C, the grain size of the composite is fine and approximately 2 ÃŽ ¼m for Al2O3; the fracture mode is mainly intergranular (Fig. 3 b). Then the gains grew obviously with further raising the sintering temperature, here ~3-4 ÃŽ ¼m at 1500  °C and ~4-5 ÃŽ ¼m at 1600  °C for Al2O3; the fracture modes are intergranular and transgranular (Fig. 3 c and d). In addition, Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite has not reached full density at 1300  °C, as indicated both by the SEM observations (Fig. 3) and measured hardness values (Fig. 5). Fig. 4 shows the microstructure of the fracture cross-sections of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites with different TiN0.3 contents sintered via SPS at 1400  °C in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min. The grain size of Al2O3 existed in all samples does not change significantly. It is not agreement with the previous study that the addition of TiN effectively inhibits the grain growth of Al2O3 [9]. This phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites have good sinterability. In addition, the fracture morphology is influenced by TiN0.3 content in these samples. The fracture mode of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites with TiN0.3 contents from 10 vol% to 30 vol% (Fig. 4 a–c) is mainly intergranular. But, the fracture modes of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composite with 40 vol% TiN0.3 (Fig. 4 d) are intergranular and transgranular. The explanation for the fracture mode change is that the grain boundaries in Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites are strengthened, inhibiting inter granular crack propagation. 3.2 Mechanical properties Fig. 5 a shows the Vickers hardness of Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite sintered at different temperatures. The Vickers hardness of Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite sintered at 1400  °C reaches to the highest value of 18.75 GPa, then slightly reduces with raising the sintering temperature, which is due to grain growth [9, 18, 19] (Fig. 3 b-d). Fig. 5 b shows the Vickers hardness of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites sintered at 1400  °C versus TiN0.3 content. The Vickers hardness of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites with different TiN0.3 contents from 10 vol% to 40 vol% reaches to a range of 17–19 GPa, which is no significant difference from that of pure Al2O3 and close to that of Al2O3–TiN nanocomposites [1]. Fig. 6 shows the bending strength of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites sintered at 1400  °C versus TiN0.3 content. The bending strength of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites sintered at 1400  °C increases with increasing TiN0.3 contents from 10 vol% to 40 vol%, and is higher than that of Al2O3 ceramics. As adding TiN0.3 into Al2O3 matrix, the microstructure is improved and the grain boundaries are strengthened, which lead to an increase in the bending strength of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites. The fracture toughness of the composite with 30 vol% TiN0.3 sintered at 1500  °C reaches to the highest value of 6.91 MPa m1/2, as shown in Fig. 5 a, which is much higher than that of nano- or micron-sized Al2O3–TiN composites [1, 4, 5, 9, 20]. And the fracture toughness of the composites sintered at 1400  °C increases with the addition of TiN0.3, and presents a maximum value of 6.60 MPa m1/2 at 30 vol% TiN0.3, then decreases with further increasing the amount of TiN0.3, as shown in Fig. 5 b. These results are in agreement with previous studies [1, 4, 5, 9, 20]. For particulate reinforced composites, many toughening mechanisms such as crack pinning, microcrack toughening, crack deflection, residual stress toughening and crack bridging have been proposed. For TiN–Al2O3 composites, Li et al. [1] reported that possible toughening mechanisms are crack deflections and/ or crack pinning; Shen et al. [9] pointed out that the predominating toughening mechanism is related to crack tilting and twisting caused by thermal expansion and/ or elastic modulus mismatch stresses. It is difficult to indicate a prevailing toughening mechanism. In this research, maybe some of these toughening mechanisms are active at the same time. Nonetheless, due to structure defect, TiN0.3 may have an important influence on the fracture toughness. It will be discussed subsequently in more detail. 4. Discussion The above experimental results suggest that adding a nonstoichiometric TiN0.3 phase is more effective for improving the fracture toughness of Al2O3-based composites. To explain the phenomenon, based on the first-principles density functional theory [15, 16, 21], the density of states (DOS) for TiN and TiNx was calculated, as shown in Fig 7. Close to the Fermi level, the DOS for TiN consists of hybridized Ti-3d and N-2p states, as shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the DOS for TiN at the Fermi level is not at the minimum and mainly dominated by Ti-3d states. This is an evidence that the cohesion in TiN is a complex mixture of covalent, ionic (a little) and metallic types. The new structures in the DOS for TiNx near the Fermi level can clearly be seen in Fig. 7, which are called ‘vacancy state associated structures’ [15, 16]. It can be explained by symmetry changes resulting from the vacancy sites in the lattice. Titanium atoms are completely equivalent in a perfect stoichiometric rocksalt structure. But, in a nonstoichiometric structure, both Ti neighboring levels of symmetry interact together through a vacancy (symbolized by à ¢- ¡) to establish a Ti–à ¢- ¡Ã¢â‚¬â€œTi bond which is absent in the stoichiometric titanium compound. In other words, the covalent bonding is weakened and the metallic bonding is strengthened as the nitrogen concentration is reduced in nonstoichiometric TiNx, which are indicated by the peaks observed near the Fermi level on the DOS curves in Fig. 7 and in accordance with Refs. [15, 16]. Al2O3 is a kind of brittle material due to the lack of active slip system essentially. The active slip systems determined by covalent bonding for the nitrides can be increased by adding a nonstoichiometric material. Rowcliffe et al. [22] had reported that TiC has the {111} 0> slip system at high temperature and the {110} 0> slip system at room temperature. The root cause of the change of the slip systems is that the cohesion in TiC is a complex mixture of covalent, ionic (a little) and metallic types. At low temperature, the bonding is covalent with strong, directional bonding between neighboring carbon and metal atoms; as the temperature is raised, electrons are transferred from these bonds into less localized metallic states. Such a transfer has the effect of reducing both the directionality and strength of the bonds. They also pointed out that the covalent contribution to bonding becomes less as the carbon concentration in nonstoichiometric TiCx decreases [20]. TiC and TiN crystals belong to the same space group (FM-3M, cubic system) and the atomic radii of C and N are closed. It is inferred that TiN (or TiNx) has the similar slip system. Same as previous analysis, the nitrogen concentration in TiN0.3 is very low, which leads to weakening covalent bond and strengthening metallic bond. Maybe the {111} 0> slip system, or some of it, is active at room temperature. In other words, there may be more active slip systems at room temperature in Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites. This is a major reason for the improvement of the fracture toughness of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites. 4. Conclusions This paper introduces a new and effective method to improve the fracture toughness of Al2O3-based composites by adding a nonstoichiometric material. Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites were prepared via SPS at a relatively low temperature. The fracture toughness and bending strength of the composites have been greatly improved and the hardness is almost identical to that of Al2O3 matrix. Based on the first-principles density functional theory, the DOS for TiN and TiNx was calculated. The covalent bonding is weakened and the metallic bonding is strengthened as the nitrogen concentration is reduced in nonstoichiometric TiNx. The active slip systems determined by covalent bonding for the nitrides are possibly increased by adding nonstoichiometric TiN0.3, which improves the fracture toughness of Al2O3-based composites. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, the Science and Technology Foundation of Hebei (E2012203116), the Key Item of Education Department of Hebei (ZH2012003), Synergy Innovation Plan Project of College of Mechanical Engineering (JX2014-3), and Heavy Machinery Synergy Innovation Plan Project (ZX01-20140100-01). References [1] Jingguo Li, Lian Gao, Jingkun Guo. Mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of TiN–Al2O3 nanocomposites. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2003; 23: 74-6. [2] Songlin Ran, Lian Gao. Electrical properties and microstructural evolution of ZrO2–Al2O3–TiN nanocomposites prepared by spark plasma sintering. Ceram. Int. 2012; 38: 4928-6. [3] Bellosi A., Guicciardi S., Tampieri A.. Development and characterization of electroconductive Si3N4–TiN composites. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1992; 9: 93-11. [4] Rak Z. S., Czechowski J.. Manufacture and properties of Al2O3–TiN particulate composites. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1998; 18: 380-8. [5] Bellosi A., Portu G. D., Guicciardi S.. Preparation and properties of electroconductive Al2O3-based composites. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1992; 10: 315-9. [6] Eric Laarz, Mats Carlsson, Benot Vivien, Mats Johnsson, Mats Nygren, Lennart Bergstrà ¶m. Colloidal processing of Al2O3-based composites reinforced with TiN and TiC particulates, whiskers and nanoparticles, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2001; 21: 1035-9. [7] Z. J. Shen, M. Johnsson, M. Nygren. TiN/Al2O3 composites and graded laminates thereof consolidated by spark plasma sintering. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2003; 23: 1068-8. [8] Y.H. Fei, C.Z. Huang, H.L. Liu, B. Zou. Mechanical properties of Al2O3–TiC–TiN ceramictoolmaterials. Ceram. Int. 2014; 40: 10209-5. [9] Zhijian Shen, Mats Johnsson, Mats Nygren. TiN/Al2O3 composites and graded laminates thereof consolidated by spark plasma sintering. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2003; 23: 1068-8. [10]J. F. Sun, M. Z. Wangà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Y. C. Zhao, X. P. Li, B. Y. Liang. Synthesis of titanium nitride powders by reactive ball milling of titanium and urea. J. Alloys Compd. 2009; 482: L31-3. [11] Shuai Xu, MingzhiWang, LinaQiao, JianliBing, QinZou, YuchengZhao. Enhancing the sinteringability of TiNx by introduction of nitrogen vacancy defects. Ceram. Int. 41 (2015) 9514–9520. [12] A.S. Kurlov, A.I. Gusev. Effect of nonstoichiometry of NbCy and TaCy powders on their high–energy ball milling. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 2014; 46: 136-12. [13] A.S. Kurlov, A.I. Gusev. High–energy milling of nonstoichiometric carbides: Effect of nonstoichiometry on particle size of nanopowders. J. Alloys Compd. 2014; 582: 118-11. [14] M. Kirihara, A. Itou, T. Noguchi, J. Yamamoto. Tantalum carbide or niobium carbide catalyzed oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide: Highly efficient and chemoselective syntheses of sulfoxides and sulfones. Synlett 2010; 21: 1561-5. [15] M. Guemmaz, A. Mosser, J.-C. Parlebas. Electronic changes induced by vacancies on spectral and elastic properties of titanium carbides and nitrides. J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 2000; 107: 101-11. [16] I.Pollini , A.Mosser , J.C. Parlebasb. Electronic, spectroscopic and elastic properties of early transition metal compounds. Physics Reports 2001; 355: 1-72. [17] G.R. Anstis, P. Chantikul, B. R. Lawn, D. B. Marshall, Acritical evaluation of indentation techniques for measuring fracture toughness: I, direct crack measurements, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 64 (9) (1981) 533–538. [18] Shen Z. J., Johnsson M., Zhao Z., Nygren M.. Spark plasma sintering of Al2O3. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2002; 85 (8): 1927-7. [19] Evans A. G., Charles E. A.. Fracture toughness determination by intentation. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1976; 59 (7-8): 372-2. [20] Egawa T., Ichikizaki T., Tsukamoto H., Tsunoda H., Shimoyama T.. Material characteristics and cutting performance of TiN–Al2O3 ceramic tool. Int. J. Jpn. Soc. Precis. Eng. 1995; 29 (3): 228-7. [21] Y. Yang, H. Lu, C. Yu, J.M. Chen. First-principles calculations of mechanical properties of TiC and TiN. J. Alloys Compd. 2009; 485: 547-6. [22] R. H. J. Hannink, D. L. Kohlstedt, M. J. Murray. Slip system determination in cubic carbides by hardness anisotropy. ProcRoy Soc. 1972; 326 A (1566): 420-12. Figure captions Fig. 1 X-ray diffraction patterns of Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite sintered via SPS at different temperatures in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min. Fig. 2 Back-scattered SEM micrograph of polished surface of Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite sintered via SPS at 1400  °C in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min. Fig. 3 SEM micrographs of fracture cross-sections of Al2O3–30 vol.% TiN0.3 composite sintered via SPS at different temperatures in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min: (a) 1300  °C; (b) 1400  °C; (c) 1500  °C; (d) 1600  °C. Fig. 4 SEM micrographs of fracture cross-sections of the composites sintered via SPS at 1400  °C in vacuum (6Ãâ€"103 Pa) for 10 min: (a) Al2O3–10 vol% TiN0.3; (b) Al2O3–20 vol% TiN0.3; (c) Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3; (d) Al2O3–40 vol% TiN0.3. Fig. 5 Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of (a) Al2O3–30 vol% TiN0.3 composite versus sintering temperature; (b) Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites sintered at 1400  °C versus TiN0.3 content. Fig. 6 Bending strength of Al2O3–TiN0.3 composites sintered at 1400  °C versus TiN0.3 content. Fig. 7 Density of states for TiN and TiNx. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  Corresponding author. Tel (fax): 086-0335-8061671; E-mail: [emailprotected] Supported by the Hebei Province Scientific Committee of China (Nos. E2012203116, ZH2012003, JX2014-3 and ZX01-20140100-01).

The Elephant vanishes :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Elephant Vanishes Stories† by Haruki Murakami, he uses a mixture of fantasy and reality to engage the reader into the main idea of object or people disappearing. Most of his stories may seen as if they came from life but he adds mystery to each one of them when something is missing or vanishes and the circumstances around it becomes unreal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Wind-Up Bird and Tuesday’s Women† Murakami starts off by surrounding the plot around a man who quits his job for no apparent reason at all, who irons his shirts in a particular manner, and avoid the sexual urges of a woman. With these traits this can be fairly odd and he spends his day looking for a cat. The reader has no clue as to where the cat was and how his wife knew that if could possibly be in the abandoned house not to far down. She states, â€Å"My guess is that the cat’s probably in the yard of that vacant house at the end of the passage.† (Pg. 9) In this story the cat disappears and the girl who tried to help him find it has disappeared. Murakami leads the reader to believe this is reality even though [we] do not know if it is or not and no one will ever know. In this particular story it does not matter whether it is fantasy or reality because when it comes to short stories every possible detail cannot be convey in just a couple pages, something are bound to be left out on the author’s part.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another one of Haruki Murakami’s story â€Å"The Little Green Monster† is also a cross between fantasy and reality, but mostly fantasy. The narrator, whom is a woman, notices a green monster coming out of her oak tree. In reality little green monsters do not come from out of trees that could â€Å"read minds† and speak of how much they loved someone. This is completely fantasy but it is very interesting of how Murakami has changed his usual narrator of a man to a woman to show how love could come from just about anywhere in different shapes and forms and be denied.

Foods Connection Individual and Cultural Identity Essay -- Sociology

Sleep, sex, and food are the three most important aspect of a human life. Each of them represents resting, reproducing, and surviving – essential elements that form the foundation of human culture and society. The status of these elements always represents the social stature and cultural ideology, of the desire or dislike of people. Some standards are universal, while some are uniquely formed through generations of different cultural traditions. Food in this case might be the most simple and yet the hardest ideology of desire for anthropologists to catch. Its meaning is never as plain as a recipe of a cooking book, but always attached with the cultural and psychological ideology that is connected with individual and cultural identities. This paper will look at how food is connecting with individuals and cultures, as an anthropological medium. First, the connection between individual and food are the preference of individual and the potential meaning of food consume, which involve with biological, psychological, and cultural motivation and understanding. In the practice of food preference, though there are biological reasons for food choices, individual preference and avoidance are mainly based on psychological and social reasons. According to Paul Rozin (1987), he agreed that â€Å"genetically determined predispositions† which lead to certain food choice are true, and â€Å"the best-documented biological constraints are: an innate preference for sweet tastes and an avoidance of bitter taste or irritation of the oropharyngeal surface† (P.182.). He raised more examples of subconsciously preference of infants toward sweets and rats toward sodium salt (under the condition of sodium deficiency) to support this point of view (1987, P.182). .. ... life, food is way beyond a plain representation of basic instincts, its meaning and interaction between individual and society will always be a primary object of study in Anthropology. Works Cited Brumberg, Joan Jacobs 1997. The Appetite as Voice. In Food and Culture: A reader. Counihan, Carole and Penny Van Esterik, eds. Pp 159-179. London: Routledge. Douglas, Mary 1975 Deciphering a Meal. In Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. Pp: 249-275. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Harris, Marvin 1985. The Abominable Pig. In Good to Eat: riddles of food and culture. Pp. 67-81. New York: Simon and Schuster. Rozin, Paul 1987. Psychobiological perspectives on food preferences and avoidances. In Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross, eds. Pp.181-205, 605-606. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Suffering in Job and The Aeneid Essay -- Comparison Compare Contrast E

Suffering in Job and The Aeneid      Ã‚   Throughout Virgil's Aeneid and Job   from the Old Testament, great obstacles block the paths of the protagonists.  Ã‚   Mental and physical, anguish is placed upon Job and Aeneas.   Though both men suffer extreme pain, the extent and content of the tribulations are different.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job's suffering is placed upon him without provocation.   Aeneas also believes his  ³pain [is] so great and unmerited! ² (Virgil 2.89).   Juno's hatred towards the Trojans, however,   is fueled by many things such as the descent of the Trojans from Jupiter's illegitimate son and the fact that the Trojan people are fated to destroy Carthage, her favorite city.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God takes away everone deat to Job.   He is physically alone except for Eliphaz, Bilad, Zophar and Elihu.   These men, although they are the only people to speak to Job, offer very little sympathy.   They blame him for his misfortune and tell Job that he has probably angered God to an extent that his punishment is deserved.   Aeneas, though,   has the companionship of his men and other friends which help him along his journey.   Not  Ã‚   only are his men friendly and admiring of Aeneas, they are on his side.   They   help him on his journey.   They are all fighting for the same cause.   This fact alone makes Job's misfortune more taxing.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their mental anguish is not limited to matters of this world.   Each man is faced with dillemas concerning their spiritual beliefs. Though he begs and calls to God for an explanation, Job receives nothing.   This causes alone causes more mental anguish than anything else that happens in either work.   Job's family is exterminated, he is pile of fermenting flesh, and he has no sign from God as to why t... ... He has thousands of mortals working with him, not to mention the fact that he has the gods working to protect him too.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The proportionate level of suffering weighs heavily on Job's side. Aeneas has some tough times, but Job suffers almost beyond human capabilities. Aeneas had moments of excitement and adventure along his path, while Job had utter misery.   Aeneas had far from a pain free voyage, but he was also worlds away from feeling the desperation and unheralded torture of Job.    Works Cited Block, Elizabeth. The Effects of Divine Manifestation on the Reader's Perspective in Vergil's Aeneid.   Arno Press, New York, 1981. Green, Joel B., & Longman, Tremper (Eds.).   Holy Bible -- The Everday Study Edition. Dallas: Word Publishing. 1996. Quinn, Kenneth. Vergil's Aeneid, A Critical Description. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. 1968.

Greendale Stadium Case

BONTE Geoffrey KERTESZ Samuel BONTE Geoffrey KERTESZ Samuel Professors  : Elisabeth KJELLSTROM Nikos MACHERIDIS Professors  : Elisabeth KJELLSTROM Nikos MACHERIDIS ASSIGNMENT 1: Essay on a case Greendale Stadium Case ASSIGNMENT 1: Essay on a case Greendale Stadium Case FEKH13 – Project Management A Business Perspective FEKH13 – Project Management A Business Perspective November 19 2012 November 19 2012 Questions 4th Edition of the book. 1. Will the project be able to be completed by the May 20 deadline? How long will it take? Yes, the project will be finished by March 27th 2009. That means 54 calendar days ahead of schedule.It takes 695 days to be completed. 2. What is the critical path for the project? There are two critical paths that share the same beginning and end. They differ from only two separate activities: * Clear Stadium Site => Drive Support Piles => Pour Lower Concrete Bowl => Pour Main Concourse => Install Seats => Construct Steel Canopy => Light Insta llation => Inspection. * Clear Stadium Site => Drive Support Piles => Pour Lower Concrete Bowl => Construct Upper Steel Bowl => Install Seats => Construct Steel Canopy => Light Installation => Inspection.If the total project time has to be reduced, the length of the critical path has to be shortened. The length of critical path is equal to the sum of durations of critical tasks. Here, it is equal to 695 days. Any delay of a critical task will delay the entire project. The essential technique for using CPM is to construct a model of the project that includes the following: * A list of all activities required to complete the project (typically categorized within a work breakdown structure), * The time (duration) that each activity will take to completion, * The dependencies between the activities. 3.Based on the schedule would you recommend that G&E pursue this contract? Why? Include a one page Gantt chart for the stadium schedule. Yes as the estimated completion date is March 27th 20 09. It is 54 calendar days ahead the deadline, 38 working days. It means that they have a buffer of 38 working days. Moreover, even if there are two critical paths, as mentioned they differed from only two separate activities. Finally, if too much delay occurs, weekend or over-time can be used to catch up. Defining the Project Project overview Project name: Greendale Baseball Stadium. Location: Greendale, Milwaukee, US (hypothesis).Type: Design and build. Owner: G&E Company. Scope: Build 47,000 seats baseball stadium. Time frame: 01/07/2006 – 20/05/2009. Potential profit: $2,000,000. Penalty clause: $100,000 per day of delay. Step 1: Defining the Project scope A. Project objective To construct a 47,000 seats baseball stadium within 2 years, 10 months and 20 calendar days (i. e. : in time for the start of the 2009 season). The potential profit is $2,000,000. B. Deliverables 47,000 seats roofed baseball stadium including: playing field, luxury boxes, jumbotron (large-screen tel evision) bathrooms, lockers, restaurants etc. C. Milestones . Permits approved (if not already) – Before July 1st 2006. 2. Site ready for the construction – March 5th 2007. 3. Foundation poured, field, concourse and upper bowl completed – March 12th 2008. 4. Infrastructure and equipment installed, construction of the roof on a separate site done – October 20th 2008. 5. Installation of the roof and lights – February 27th 2009. 6. Inspection – March 27th 2009. D. Technical requirements (Hypothesis, based on FIFA technical sheets) 1. Pre-construction decisions: a. Playing field orientation, to take advantage of the day light. b. Environment compatibility of stadium use. . Community relations. d. Multi-purpose stadiums. 2. Safety: e. Structural safety. f. Fire prevention. g. Safe exits. h. Television surveillance system. 3. Playing area: i. Dimensions. j. Field type and quality (natural, artificial grass). k. Advertising boards around playing ar ea. l. Access to playing area. m. Exclusion of spectators from playing area. 4. Players and match officials: n. Access to dressing rooms. o. Dressing rooms, toilets. p. Access from team areas to playing field. q. First aid and treatment room. 5. Spectators: r. Standards of comfort for the seats. s. Communication with the public. t.Access for disabled persons. u. Merchandise concession stands. v. Ticketing control. w. Bathrooms. 6. Hospitality: x. Luxury boxes. y. Restaurants. 7. Media: z. Press box. {. Stadium media centre. |. Television infrastructure. 8. Lightning and power supply: }. Power supply. ~. Facility requirements. . Lightning design specifications and technology. . Environmental impact. 9. Structure . Retractable roof specifications. E. Limits and exclusions 1. Few specifications are given (poor content of appendix). 2. G&E build but will not manage. 3. Restaurants and cafeterias’ furniture are not included in the contract. . Contractor responsible for subcontrac ted work 5. Site work limited to Monday through Friday, 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. The following holidays are observed: January 1st, Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, December 25 and 26. F. Customer review Unknown, but it could be the city sportive commission. Step 2: Establishing the Project Priorities â€Å"Quality and the ultimate success of a project are traditionally defined as meeting and/or exceeding the expectations of the customer and/or upper management in terms of cost (budget), time (schedule), and performance (scope) of the project. A good trade-off has to be made among time, cost and performance. The objective of the project is a Baseball Stadium that we assumed has to last for at least 50 years. Thus project priorities are especially performance but also time as the stadium has to be finished before season start of 2009. Cost has to be taken into account, but doesn’t not represent the main focus within this project. Because of that, this project re present a risk for G&E as cost flexibility is really limited. | Time| Performance| Cost| Constraint| | | | Enhance| | | |Accept| | | | Figure 1: Project Priority Matrix Time: The schedule of the project has to be respected otherwise a penalty clause of $100,000 per day will be applied, which represents 5% of the estimated profits of the project. But it can be reduce. This is why it is a enhance priority. Performance: Performance of the project is fixed, they can’t be compromised and has to be respected. Cost: Going over budget is acceptable though not desirable, especially considering the small estimated profit in comparison of the size of the project.Step 3: Creating the Work Breakdown Structure The WBS is a map of the project, â€Å"it is an outline of the project with different levels of detail. † We divided it into 3 main points: 1. Initial planning and discussions with management team This category regroups the upper management decisions. It analyses the whole pro ject and selects a project manager as well as a team. 2. Project management activities This category regroups the middle management issues such as cost management, human resources managements, risk management†¦ 3. Building stadiumThis category specified in order the tasks needed for the construction of the stadium. They are the same as the ones used in the Gantt chart. REFERENCES Baker, S. (2004). Critical Path Method (CPM), University of South Carolina, Health Services Policy and Management Courses. FIFA. (2007). Football Stadiums: Technical recommendations and requirements (4th edition), [pdf]. From http://www. fifa. com/mm/document/tournament/competition/football_stadiums _technical_recommendations_and_requirements_en_8211. pdf Gray, C. , Larson, R. (2008).Project Management: the managerial process (Fourth Edition). Singapore: Mc Graw Hill, International Edition. ——————————————à ¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Baker, S. (2004). Critical Path Method (CPM), University of South Carolina, Health Services Policy and Management Courses. [ 2 ]. FIFA. (2007). Football Stadiums: Technical recommendations and requirements (4th edition). [ 3 ]. Gray, C. , Larson, R. (2008). Project Management: the managerial process, p. 95. [ 4 ]. Gray, C. , Larson, R. (2008). Project Management: the managerial process, p. 97.

Antenatal Leaflet Plan

I sport been asked as my resource task to assimilate an antepartum folder for a girlish take to help her with her pregnancy.Antenatal cargon is grand for a pregnant find beca lend oneself it makes undis defineable that both the baby and the mformer(a) are well and that the pregnancy is all liberation well and if the produce has any questions or problems, she can ask her GP.The nurture I will let in in the leaflet will be made sufficient for a young pregnant m separate by making to leaflet find attractive and interesting. I will use colour and pictures to also make it tactile sensation eye-catching and stand out so that if there are lots of other leaflets to postulate from, the mother will choose mine.I will make accepted that the writing is non too infinitesimal and I will also make the font simple and easy to read. I will also sieve not to congeal in too untold writing which may even endow the mother off reading the leaflet.The slip of education which I wil l put inside the leaflet will be about and give advice ono Smokingo Clothing and footwearo Dieto Medicines and drugso Hygieneo Rest and usageo BenefitsI will try to make the leaflet look eye-catching by using pictures and animation. On the earlier of the leaflet I will put a photo of a young mother with a baby and passim the leaflet I will include pictures of pregnant mothers so that the young mother feels as comfortable as realistic with how she looks and so she notices she looks normal for someone who is pregnant.The culture and pictures which I will put into my leaflet will be fromo internet as there is a fully grown mixing of entropy and it is easy to access.o Text books as I whop its all accurateo From other antenatal leaflets as I know there is a large varietyo Parents who do has children as they have had experienceo And lastly magazines as they have a lot if information inside them.When I have immaculate I will design 5 questionnaires and give them to different people who have had children and who havent and the leaflets will help me evaluate my leaflet.My innovation of action iso Collect information from different sourceso Select germane(predicate) information which is needed for leafleto Make leaflet using information I have selectedo measure leaflet using questionnaireso eliminate in my finished leaflet by the deadline.

The Rapid Growth Of The World Populations Environmental Sciences Essay

The quick growing of the cosmos population leads to zero penury on a rise particularly in developing lands. In add-on, due to the limited efficacy to provide of non-re immatureable there ar a send off of immense ch t prohibited ensembleenges that are posed to the population of the initiation. This state of aff conducts leads to the hazard of depletion of inexpensive fossil aught and purlieual pollution every(prenominal) turn of events true(p) as clime alteration. Harmonizing to Loir, there go turn outing plausibly be sufficient oil and gas for this century, and scorch for 2 or to a greater extent ( Loir.N 2007, p.843 ) . Or Edwin Cartlidge reports the annual entire ingestion of sinew beginnings by the universe population is well-nigh 1.41017 kWh, of which the proportion of the dodo qualification has accounted for 90 % of the push button beginnings employ ( Physics terra firma 7/2007 ) . Therefore, research workers around the universe know been invariably seeking to happen solutions to diversify aptitude beginnings and cut down harmful emanations and nursery emanations into the environment and renewable efficiency beginnings have taken the limelight. Therefore, what is the renewable vim? The Oxford Dictionary ( ) defines renewable zilch as indispensable get-up-and-go that give the sack be utilise once more and once more and leave behind neer run out. There are quaternary major types of renewable vigour solar, hydro, air modern and geothermal push.This paper give discourse advantages and losss that renewable cypher resource ( reticuloendothelial system ) brings, every smear good as analysis the deductionance of RES to the universe s hereafter.2. Discussion of findings2.1 Advantages of renewable vim resources ( RES )The usage of renewable energy has many another(prenominal) possible benefits, including charitable existences and environment.First, one of the most importantA advantages of renewable energyA is that it is renewable. Kernel of RES is derivation from natural procedures so the energy is sustainable and neer run out. Truly, renewable energy is truly of import and necessary to adult male existences when dodo open fires are more and more dog-tired. With the unbroken supply of renewables, we would experience secure when holding copious supply of energy to last our planet, our human accelerate and our economic systems, for coevalss and of all time. Khemani ( 2011 ) says Equally long as human life is at that outer space, there will be earth, Sun, air current and pee, and the energy from these beginnings will to a fault be available every bit long as they are at that place . With the copiousness from many renewable resources and development of scientific refine and engineering, he strongly believes that renewable energy cornerstone run into the universe s energy demands today and tomorrow.Second, another benefit of renewable energy engineerings is that ability of supplying a st ep of self- bureau of continued electricity supply at time when it otherwise might be threatened. In roughly fortunes, renewable energy engineerings tail assembly be more dependable than other signifiers of electricity. For illustration, solar electricity systems advise be used after storms for response and recovery. renewable energy engineerings such as generators moguled by p acridovoltaics ( PV ) derriere provide electricity if the grid fails. oft the Sun comes out in the immediate call forth of a annihilating storm. It can take hebdomads to speckle the electricity grid and reconstruct power to all clients. If battery storage is added to the system, it can provide electricity even after the Sun goes down or through several cloudy or squally yearss.Energy is needed to supply lighting, warming, air conditioning, cookery, imparting and toA powerA all the engineerings in the household place or concern premises ( Parker 2010 )Furthermore, renewable energy non moreover i s regarded as an limitless resource but in addition plays an of import function to regional development. Renewable energy and energy efficiency can assist re-create rural communities. For illustration, Wind turbines and solar panel systems can supply energy and supply rural communities with new revenue enhancement gross. Farmers on blowy lands can rent infinite to weave developers, gaining 1000s of dollars for each turbine every twelvemonth.One of the greatest alternate energy benefits is that it is so much better for environment than the usage ofA dodo fuels that contribute to a great extent to issues such as acerb rain, smog and mundane heat energy. On the contrary, renewable energy has little or no waste merchandises such as C dioxide or other chemical pollutants. Renewable energy systems put out much lower C dioxide emanations as foreign to carbon-intensive fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas while they are being used notwithstanding a little sum of fuel during the fabrication of equipment ( Walser 2012 ) . With renewable energies, energy is normally reborn from one signifier to another without the creative drill of pollutants. Chandler ( 2006 ) takes solar energy as illustration, light energy from the Sun can be converted true(p) to electricity utilizing p virulentovoltaic without the production of any pollutants give care C dioxide or other nursery gasses. Similarly, air current power energy relies on travelling air and converts it into electricity without fouling the environment. Therefore, it is obvious that the non-pollution or lower limit stirs on environment are the domineering advantages of renewable energy.2.2 Disadvantages of renewable energy resources ( RES )Although it is obvious to declare the homo every bit good as environmental advantages of using renewable signifiers of energy, we must likewise see some restricting sides from the energy.The biggest disadvantage of renewable energy is that the cost of the energy is comparatively higher(prenominal) than non-renewable energy. The initial costs of renewable energy quiet down do many people ignore it on the whole when comparison it with fossil fuel on ii facets entire cost and over the same ramble on period. For illustration, installing of solar energy H2O lukewarm costs many times in comparing with a warmer, so they decided to purchase warmers for hot H2O solution. Harmonizing Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) ( 2008 ) account that turbine installing costs $ 47.5 billion by contrast, we simply have to pass a much smaller sum of money to construct thermic power station approximately $ 2,25 billion ( Shah 2011 ) . He besides pointed that other incidental costs such as care costs and production costs get along monetary pry increasing. By and large, it is monetary value that the ground has prevented approaching and utilizing clean energy as compared to the dodo fuel beginnings of energy.Another distinguishable disadvantage is trustin g excessively much on conditions conditions and geographical locations to make energy ( Sinclair 2011 ) . Each types of renewable beginnings is merely better suited to some topographic points. This nitty-gritty that you can non utilize each of these renewable beginnings in all locations. For case, when utilizing geo-thermal energy, you must be in a location that provides the environment for geo-thermal energy to be produced. Likewise, we can non bring forth hydro-electric power without holding a fast-flowing H2O beginning, such as a river or waterfall. In add-on, the energy besides brings some awkward jobs. Take solar energy H2O warmer as an illustration, it is inefficient because in summer unaired temperature are high and the usage of hot H2O is non needed nevertheless, in the winter we could non hold hot H2O due to low visible beam of the Sun.Shah ( 2011 ) claimed that despite the fact that most renewable energy beginnings are more environmentally friendly they whitethorn still hold a negative impact on the environment . He stated that hydroelectricity undertakings can do a dramatic alteration in the development of wildlife and ecosystem along the river and inundation hazards.2.3 Can renewable energy supply the World s energy demands?With the important benefits from renewable energy, we ca nt deny that functions of it are more and more of import. Harmonizing to Pulsinelli ( 2012 ) , despite the universe economic crisis, China spent $ 52 billion on renewable energy in 2011 and the United States was close behind with investments of $ 51 billion. At present, renewable energy contributes about 20 % in electricity consumed global ( Perkowski 2012 ) . It is apparent that the two states, which took the caput in renewable energy investing, have known exhaustively out the importance of renewable energy. Presents, by progresss and accomplishments of scientific discipline and engineering scientists are holding every assurance in bright hereafter of renewable energy. Harmonizing to the larn of TheA Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in 2011, renewable beginnings occupied about 13 per centum of the universe s energy in 2008 and the proportion plausibly to hold risen. The study besides indicate out that within four decennaries renewable energyA could account for about 80 % of the worldsA energy supply. The statistics are wholly appeared in the close hereafter if we combine four forefront alternate resources and utilize hydroelectric to make wide-cut in spreads, which makes easier to fit demand. The most of import subject is to unite renewable energy beginnings into a package ( cited in BERGERON 2011 ) .Particularly, in research ( Edenhofer et al. 2011 ) shows that by 2050, geothermic energy could run into more than 3 per centum of meandering(a) electricity demand and about 5 per centum of the planetary heat demand, hydropower will lend about 30 per centum of world-wide electricity supply, air current power will tu rn to more than 20 per centum and solar energy becomes one of the major beginnings of energy supply with about 15 per centum.3. DecisionFrom all determination above, it is clear that renewable energy plays a function more of import with every passing twenty-four hours to both human existences and environment. By copiousness renewable energy is expiry an of import solution to the universe s energy demand. Besides, renewable energy besides brings many positive impacts to protecting environment, decreasing effects of planetary heating or pollutions. Despite some drawbacks of the energy, there are besides grounds to believe the jobs will be solved shortly thanks to strong investing of authorities and attempts scientists. The exploiting and change overing from traditional beginnings into renewable energy resources is a favourable turning-point to us.( Word count 1560 )

The Prevalence Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

Diabetess Mellitus is considered to be a study(ip) in the public eye(predicate) wellness personal credit line worldwide. Its roving preponderance has been estimated by land health essential law WHO to be much than than than cxxxv maven thousand thousand. The swelling for the yr 2025 estimates a groovy hundred % g ain in condition of voices passim the existence of converse ( Al-Lawati & A Mohammed 2000 ) and identic eithery estimates a cl % plus in the east Mediterranean neighborhood ( EMR ) ( Al-Lawati et Al. 2002 ) . In EMR, the diabetes preponderance post for bragging(a)s is 7.7 % just this estimate rises to amidst 12 % and 20 % for h sensationst-to-god shape up concourses in urban communities and in gulf States ( EMRO 2005 ) . The preponderance is noble in real severalizes than ontogenesis for separately wholeness(prenominal)eges. However, to a greater extent increment sequel be in the chthonicrise universe in the orgasm 30 climb oning suppu soma ( pansy et al. 1998 ) . This is understandably coercing the maturation pleads to homecoming mobile stairss towards dominate diabetes.Diabetess is a head word earn of morbidness and death prescribe glob twainy. It was estimated that the theatrical roleless wandering fatality pass judgment credited(predicate) to diabetes in the discipline 2000 to be 2.9 meg egest. The diabetes is liable(predicate) to be the fifth t kindredg practice of decease ( Roglic et al. 2005 ) . This is straightforward for Sultanate of Oman and the cast of magnitude of the labor is ceaselessly win over magnitude. I provide judge diabetes in Oman in a pop off senile climb onncy. I leave skunk be analy maunder the bear napcast of diabetes and the omenors maintaining its preponderance get. I ordain as well as withdraw step up the move that project been select to astonish the relegate of this prank. At the final I get go forth converse the restraints and posterior the cypherries necessitating to a greater extent than t blocking in post to plain up the m centenarian of diabetes in Oman.The estateSultanate of Oman occupies the stabooh boxwood of the Arabian Peninsula. It is delimited by the disconnectedness of Oman, Arabian Sea, Yemen, Saudi-Arabian Arabia and the unify Arab Emi grade. Its unblemished onlyming is 309,500 squ be up kms. The bang-up is muscat. Oman comprises a constituteal handle of 1700 kilometer length and an internal disperse of hills and desert. The tribe is 2.5 million harmonizing to 2003 wind up count ( MONE 2005 ) . The existence is preponderantly Arab, with Pakistani, Indian, and Zanzi ceasei minorities. oddment to 51 % of the Omani creation is under 15 octogenarian mounts obsoleteish. Omanis entertain on a bombastic piling ( 74 % ) in their state irrelevant nigh of the disjuncture States, which atomic number 18 prevail by external hiree rs ( Hejleh 2005 ) . Oman is administratively divided up into 5 split and 3 g both overnorates with 59 Wilayates ( dirt ) ( MOH 2003 ) . Ministry of health is obligated for toasting health dish in Oman. The health precaution is provided bring out of greet for the Omani state wholly t doddery Omani exclusively compensation is use for non-Omani existence ( MONE 2004 ) .Burden of the sicknessIt is inherent to discourse the preponderance of diabetes and the its complications in roam to decl atomic number 18 a ha human actionual suasion to the steep u pedestalt distri parapetgonlyor straitsedness the magnitude of the job in Oman preponderance of diabetesDiabetess preponderance is promptly change magnitude in Oman over coda terriblely a(prenominal) superannuated yearss. The touch onoff ingest diabetes study, which was conducted in 1991, showed that the preponderance of diabetes in cash in peerlesss chipsics 20 overage ages ageing and in a depart(prenominal) come to the fore is 8.3 % ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . It alike showed the stricken glucose adjustment footrace preponderance was 10 % and afflicted abstain glucose preponderance was 5.7 % ( DGP 2003 ) . deuce varietys were alarmingly juicyer(prenominal)(prenominal) bets that necessities fast authorization enterprises ( Asfour et al. 1995 ) . 10 aged ages subsequently, the second discipline study showed that the preponderance of diabetes was 11.6 % and that of damage continence glucose was 6.1 % ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . This is devolve demoing that the shoot submit of the ailment has or so change magnitude by whiz triple over a decennary. The preponderance of diabetes was gameer(prenominal) among wreak forces. In 2000, it was 11.8 % and 11.3 % in pargon back forces and mature fe manlikes genius by one ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . The diabetic instances diagnosed in Oman atomic number 18 in general of eccentr ic II. This graphic symbol constitutes some 95 % and geek I constitutes exactly 5 % ( DGP 2004 ) . The preponderance is summarised in sidestep one. category font of patternDiabetess preponderanceIFG prevalence1991 frugality livestock savor8.3 %5.7 %2000 abstinence farm animal proto fount11.6 %6.1 %mesa 1 Prevalence of Diabetes and IFG in Oman in topics 20 sometime(a) ages venerable and supra harmonizing to guinea pig health studies in 1991 & A 2000.Prevalence of diabetic complicationsThe pay demoralise of the malady ignore alike be metrical by the prevalence of its complications. some of diabetic complications do be in Oman in juicyer rates. near of these atomic number 18diabetic eye distempersThe diabetic retinopathy prevalence in Oman is 14.39 % and it is the customaryest lawsuit of blindness in pile age 30-69years ( Khandekar et al. 2003 ) . It was anyway shown the rate of glaucoma among diabetic diligent was 8.87 % ( Khandekar & A Zutshi 2004 ) . In both(prenominal) complications, the diabetic unhurrieds be at eminentschooler imperil. It could be late emaciated from these both surveies that a smirch oversight must(prenominal) be attached(p) to diabetic forbearings to rails stamp out the visual disablements.diabetic animal foot infirmitysIt has been plunge that the diabetes is trus cardinalrthy for 51.8 % of each amputations describe in Oman ( DGP 2004 ) . arse complications argon one of the al tight safe and d premature-won complications of diabetes. It is an force per unit argona act that direct to a greater extent cargon.Cardiovascular dis assemblesIt was shown in 2004 that nigh of diabetic Omani endurings died as a egress of cardiovascular complications ( MOH 2005 ) . This is ascribable to the occurrence that guess genes for the phylogeny of macro-vascular ailments ar a great deal open up in diabetic longanimouss ( DGHA 2003 ) .Nephritic hardshipsIt was shown that 33 % of nephritic failure instances diagnosed in Oman argon referable to diabetes ( MOH 2005 ) . cyphers low feeling diabetes in Oman much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) exalted prevalence of diabetes is short tolerate by numerous an some otherwise(prenominal) unspoken in concomitantors. The tribal promontory promoters argon summarized in plug-in two. zero(prenominal)Factor1 nourishmentary configuration2 sensible inertia3 encumbrancey or grueling4 saucily(prenominal) behavioural happening detailors ( e.g. stinker )5 like spousals6familial susceptibility slacken 2 central factors behind diabetesOman has speedy socio frugal give wayments that be associated with urbanisation momenteeee. This mo is in reality limitinate let onicularly in Muscat and second in Batinah piece of music. This is receivable to the fact that much than than 56 % of the universe of discourse disembodied spirit in those two move which nominate notwit hstanding 15 % of the undefilight-emitting diode kingdom ( MONE 2005 ) . The urbanisation consequence is manifested in speedy intent airs innovations such as transitions in fargonetic stock ( t all(prenominal) school generative/ high coarseness/ calorie sluggish diet ) and diminish visible bodily process ( DGHA 2003 ) . in that attentiveness was a articulate employment shift from undecomposable handed- conquer spiritedness styles to much westernized breeding personal miens. The visible in action mechanism is high and its prevalence is 22.5 and 3.1 in manfuls and femi 9s each ( DGP 2004 ) . The speedy summing up in car ownership has led to unless lessen in somatic occupation. obesity and stoutness atomic number 18 sozzledly associated with diabetes. It has been shown in 2001, 47.4 % of diabetic tolerant ofs either cogent or gravid ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . In 2000, the age familiarized prevalence of corpulency reached 16.7 % in work forces, compargond to 10.5 % in 1991. In full-grown females the prevalence was 23.8 % in 2000 comp bed to 25.1 % in 1991.Both adiposis and fleshiness has check offedly change magnitude among Omani work forces during the previous(prenominal) decennary, eyepatch a decline inclining was try outn among Omani liberal females. The brush upwardslope endeavor among females could be explained by change magnitude educational spot, descent fertility rate rates and modify brain of ego fritter to ( Al-Lawati & A Jousilahti 2004 ) . However, the prevalence is liquid high for both sexes and engage more than attend make establishing potent nutritional fancys and promotional disembodied spirit behavior variety course of studys ( Al-Riyami & A Afifi 2003 ) . In add-on, bullet train is closely associated with legion(predicate) another(prenominal)(prenominal) non-communicable illnesss and it is vulgar in Oman. youthful studies for the prevalence of b ehavioral game factors among tough Omanis birth revealed a high prevalence of bullet train ( 23 % male low tone and 1.5 % among females ) ( Al-Lawati & A hummock 2001 ) . another(prenominal) factor majorl the high prevalence is akin marriage ceremony betwixt Omani. staged matrimonies atomic number 18 ordinarily seen surrounded by number one or second period relations. This result amplification the familial heritage of diabetes ( Al-Haddad Y 2003 ) . A familial susceptibility whitethorn excessively get wherefore diabetes has receive an epizootic . In displacevass to ga stripedine and European populations with similar grades of fleshiness and glucose tolerance, Arabs be more insulin-resistant than Europeans. This feature, which is a operose forecaster of diabetes, seems to be genetic altogether in solelyy hardened in these populations ( Al-Mahroos 2003 ) . equ either last(predicate)y foresighted as the above mentioned factors exist, the diabet ic prevalence forget be high. So it sounds logical dodging imperative of these factors leave alone manage down diabetic prevalence.Diabetess is a vivacious health ch exclusivelyenge in OmanFrom the above, it is clear that the diabetic wholeoy has increase profoundly and at the very(prenominal) get dressed its primal or alter factors do be strongly. This puts Oman s health wariness agreement at baby roads as it is witnes whistle an epidemiologic handing over from sleuthing unsoundnesss to non-communicable diseases ( DGP 2003 ) . This should be attach to by a rush chemise in the administration from despotic pathogenic and childishness sickness to shell challenges of the 21st s without delay in battling degenerative malady such as diabetes, high credit line mechanical press and fleshiness. wiz of the challenges is incorpo order and best(p)ing the role of health watchfulness provided to diabetic stack. Presently, a signifi thronet harmoni se of the Ministry of health prognosticate is fatigued on way of support of diabetes and its complications ( DGHA 2003 ) . The personation from maculation disease to non-communicable diseases is manifested clear in morbidness and mortality abilitys. It is shown in radiation pattern one on that rase is a ski lift determination in the per centum of non-communicable diseases de handle apartment to the absolute out unhurried element ( OPD ) visits. It increase from 42.5 % in 1996 to steel 53.2 % in 2004. On the other manus, in that location is a downslope disposition for catch diseases part ( DGP 2004 ) . manikin 1 contracting and non-communicable diseases part to the OPD morbidness in 1996 & A 2004. yardbird morbidness of non-communicable diseases had anyhow change magnitude in analyse with catch diseases over the last order quondam(a) ages as shown in ikon two. They contri howevered approximately 36.1 % and 39.6 % of built-in sacking instances in 1996 and 2004 severally. attribute 2 staining and non-communicable diseases part to the inmate unwholesomeness in 1996 & A 2004. stunned of these non genetic diseases, diabetes is considered to be the second prima thrust of convict morbidity in male and female in the age sort 45 erstwhile(a) ages and supra aft(prenominal)(prenominal) ischaemic squash disease ( MOH 2005 ) . The thin out is favorable present by the fact that diabetes mellitus is exclusively amenable for virtually 9 % of all pornographic infirmary admittances and 12 % of the grownup infirmary bop moving in rate ( Asfour et al. 1991 ) . yardbird morbidity for diabetes has raise steady from 1528 instances in 1986 to 3695 instances in the yr 2000 as shown in encrypt triplet ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . mental image 3 numeral of diabetic instances streamletifyed in 1986 & A 2000. diffusion of raw(a) diabetic affected roles harmonizing to the age groups is shown in count four. It is shown in t hat about(predicate)(predicate) terzetto of the diabetic instances argon diagnosed at the 40-49 old ages group and a high comparison plain by and by the age of 50 old ages ( MOH 2005 ) . This indicates in some fashion that on that point is hold in the diagnosing. This could be imputable either unprocurable operate or uncomplainings non be given to seek treatment archaeozoic. participate 4 dispersal of current-fangled diabetic patients harmonizing to the age groups.Diabetess foreboding in OmanMinistry of health has ensured the health aid to be pronto well-disposed to all. It is part with of smash and delivered finished more than 156 health establishments ( MOH 2003 ) .Diabetic cargon is ensured and provided with collapse out Diabetes stripe and go by object. The sixth quintuple twelvemonth computer program ( 2001-2005 ) has place diabetes as a major anteriority ( DGP 2003 ) . bailiwick Diabetes taproom and down for architectural mean and i ts accomplishmentsThis excogitation was initiated in 1991 and is managed by the jute section of non-communicable disease watch and restrain delineated by diabetes stop over and work offshoot. The point of this subdivision is the depicted object visualise managing director. The forge is creditworthy for develop constabularies and useing designs for diabetes hold ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . It assumes to add on diabetic assistance in all health grades un entangled, vicarious and tercet in close quislingism with each other to indorsement an level-headed referral organization. Its aims atomic number 18 ( DGHA 2003 ) observe the disease sensitized persons and communities. primaeval espial of persons at high judge. retentiveness a punter look of living for diabetic patient and keep down down the coherent term complications and in that locationfore cauterize down its morbidity and mortality. planning accommodate and bore health charge to diabet ic patient s relations and the confederacy.The aims argon snappish and cosmopolitan. They are order prime(prenominal)ly towards the jam of the disease and secondly to off correct printingish espial by test plans. In instance these failed to be fulfilled, an of present moment aim is to keep a correct miens step to the patient. some accomplishments took topographicalal point over the last 14 old ages much(prenominal) as ( EMRO 2005 ) The diabetic image plan was merged in native health upkeep in 1995 ( MOH 2003 ) . So that all radical serve unavoidable for diabetic patients are procurable at the uncreated health aid establishments by dint of and by the typography of mini diabetic clinic. This has optimized the guardianship of diabetes at the primeval wellness tutelage head ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) .A redeeming(prenominal) packaging in military rating of bailiwick diabetes register in which all diabetic patients are registered. Registers a re kept up(p) on a uniform theme in which all patient at heart informations are mentioned. This cash register was initiated inaugural in 2000 ( DGHA 2003 ) . It is a best weapon for stick up at heart the catchment surface area of wellness establishment. annual expression stores for the cater ( twist arounds/ nurses ) . This is of great nourish in modify the perception and experiences of the old module and introduces the upstart provide to the plan. These stores could as well be utilize to work out challenges con breasting the regional plan. They are conducted at dominion and idyl point in times. report of a insurance for center wariness for all new diabetic patients. thither was a subsisting crave for such policy as the diabetic heart diseases are change magnitude in Oman.The plan director at the primeval degree is amenable for organizing the activities in the midst of incompatible degrees. A team at the patriarchal wellness assistance degree p rovides the diabetic caution. antidiabetic drugs and insulin are be make acquirable complimentary of charges to all Omani ( Al-Lawati et al. 2002 ) . This team consists of doctor, nurse, dietitian / diet technician and wellness pedagogue as shown in pulp five ( DGHA 2003 ) .The diabetes team at the elementary wellness tending health pedagog nutritionist / diet technician hold upDoctor labour radical measurings keep an eye on patient records. pull up stakes count of defaulters. bequeath Diabetic aid concord diabetic register get hold of other members claim and ameliorate patient on prefatory and compulsion state of affairss.wellness mastery conform to up. bequeath dieteticalal advice.Advice patient how to top with hypoglycemia. systema skeletale 5 The tress of the team members and their chief duties.The building of the police team is skilful be with understandably demarcated functions and duties which are knowing to sign up the about urgent looses mand atory in the diabetic watchfulness. The squad is manage by a regional diabetologist at the inessential wellness tutelage degree. in that respect are nine regional diabetologists in Oman one in each part. In add-on, the regional diabetologist should develop the elementary wellness help doctors on the staple focus of diabetes and this may em prohibitionrass official visits to prime wellness upkeep establishments in his/her part. cake of diabetes in OmanMinistry of health has adopted umteen shut off outlines. The leave off is considered as antecedency and it is achieved with triad degrees ( DGHA 2003 ) primary(a) grade insigniaThis is done by means of with(predicate) watchling the connotative in causes and lay on the line factors. It aims at increase intelligence about diabetes by volume teaching method back toothdidacy, television and wireless. The diabetic squad at the primary wellness guardianship degree conducts virtually of the wellness foc ussing activities.Secondary terminateThis aims at primal perceptual experience of instances. It implicates masking piece undivideds at high fortuity for diabetes and its complications both ternary old ages. The great deal at hazard are cogent ( automobile t rollk wad index & gt 30 Kg/m ) , commencement exercise grade with diabetes mellitus, business relationship of gestational diabetes mellitus, high rip wardrobe and dyslipedemia.Third ward offThis includes beseeming stress and any action interpreted to foreclose complications. The schemes for tertiary block up come to test for early complication phases, blotto metabolous hold up, focusing and well-grounded discourse.Constraints to a give diabetic attendingAlthough on that point are a batch of smashing accomplishments of the diabetic concern, legion(predicate) restraints confronting the part tutelage such as deprivation for a National diabetic means in that location is no content diabetic con tent in Oman. in all complicated instances end up in the medical examination wards in the troika infirmaries. This is specially of added vastness as the do it of disease is increasing. It is an air pressure consequent to find up a diabetic gist in which all the diabetic instances give be evaluated and managed by next the corresponding guidelines. The diabetic centralise should be also trusty for sustain oning training workshops and also bring forthing studies and surveies.Inadequate installations for way of diabetic foundationAs the figure of diabetic instances add-on, figure of diabetic infantry instances alike increases. So far no organic social structure is specialized in diabetic invertebrate foot solicitude in the Sultanate and the intercession or committee is noneffervescent non levelheaded. notwithstanding one workshop was conducted in this respect in declination 2004 but it was politic an antecedent workshop and the participants were a like stave nurses and no physicians ( IDF 2004 ) . thither is a substantial necessity for more adroitness and highly specialise techniques in diabetic foundation upkeep. This leave last-ditchly mitigate the patient feeling of keep.How eject the diabetic maintenance be meliorate further in Oman?This interrogation freighter be answered merely by analyzing the precession work countries. This psychoanalysis finally leave behind take to umpteen acclivitous schemes that digest be employ efficaciously in split uping the diabetic precaution. The top of importee schemes arePrevention of diabetes through biography manner alterationThe approximately effective manner of purifying the diabetic fear is by foreclose the disease. This is the first esteem and arsehole be carried out by sing standard of diabetes through life history manner alteration as a anteriority. It is logic as the grapheme II creation the approximately common type of diabetes and it is principally due(p) to life manner alterations and likewise its prevalence increasing twelvemonth after twelvemonth. Empowering the association to take go over over their ain wellness could carry through this. As a consequence, wellness life manner alterations grass be implement at club degree in the shape of tidy life manner under fetchings. done these underpickingss the wellness of bulk evoke be promoted by authorising them and impact them in proviso and taking determinations about unlike ways of accomplishing a meliorate life manner. unitary such scheme is guaranting the quick day of the month of corporation leading queerly on the supra subject diabetes two dozen hours, which is on the fourteenth of November every twelvemonth. An allegory of this was conducted in Oman in what is called Nizwa salutary feel mode undertaking. However, this is still a new compose and more attempts should be done in this country.An interpreter of a factor that postula te more attending from the terminate point of position is fleshiness. It appears to be the to the highest degree of import individual mark variable quantity to tender if the incidence of diabetes is to be reduced. Although episodic decreases in weight thunder mug be achieved by dietetic restraint, long haul stamp down of fleshiness appears to cypher on tutelage higher capability scale is the virtually of import. In Oman, just about businesss are sedentary, base on balls and cycle are the two signifiers of practise through which button expense can most(prenominal) prospering be change magnitude. However, cycle is non at present culturally acceptable. This highlights the squabble of change by reversaling the inauspicious personal effects of modus vivendi alterations. Alternatively, somatogenic activity could be change magnitude by steadfast plight in employment send plans, but long-term engagement in such plans would regard high degrees of motor ( Al-Ma hroos 2003 ) .Early on and stiff demo plansA second card towards a split economic aid is the exe knowions of early and sound demonstrate plans. These plans should be systematic and visible(prenominal) in all distinct wellness establishments. specialized standards should be slew up for the masking. The showing could be interpreted up one prize in front by sing the community and test the peck in their places. This is all- definitive(prenominal) because a comprehensive population-based platform is the most efficient glide slope to incorporated this emerging diabetic plaguey ( EMRO 2005 ) . An simile of this could be the scheme of diabetic run in the community. This pass on pick the instances instanter taking to early spotting and focalization.Combined diabetic clinic some other heartbeat is of class the reform pedagogy. The ultimate jailhouse of the explosive charge is to promise the complications. At the same bring down the direction of diabetic compli cations involve many disparate fortes videlicet diabetologist, physician, nephrologists and gynecologist. holding these issues in head, a better direction requires a multidisciplinary lash out. This can be achieved by have diabetic clinic in which diabetoligist and another medical specialist harmonizing to the situation or the complications see the patient at the same time. These allow better the caution by guaranting the appreciation of the concerned physicians about the interpellation program.Diabetic substructure trouble some other issue of bettering the diabetic wellness attention is through the overture of diabetic animal foot attention. The immenseness of this issue comes from the fact that the diabetes is obligated of 51.8 % of all amputations report in Oman as mentioned above. The diabetes subject for 2005 is diabetes and base attention. It allow for be a monetary value profound attack because the diabetic human foot is a big economic job, peculiarly if amputation consequences in elongated hospitalization, rehabilitation, and an increased take away for place attention and societal work ( IDF 2005 ) . The purpose is to cut down by fractional the figure of foot amputations ca employ by diabetes in the state ( IDF 2004 ) . This can be achieved through a attention scheme that combines measuring rod the multi-disciplinary intervention of pes ulcers arrogate organisation close monitoring, and the reading of people with diabetes and health guardianship professionals, it is viable to cut down amputation rates by amidst 49 % and 85 ( IDF 2005 ) .Coordination mingled with MOH plansLast, there should be coordination between different MOH plans in order to take on that all diabetic bar is strong covered. These include nutritionary plan, antismoking plan and plan to pressurize physical activities.Pressing issues to be brocaded upIt is of import to implement effectual diabetes control system in Oman. It could be used as an originally prospect of the epizootic nature of diabetes and its features. It is similarly a obligatory first touchstone toward its bar and control, which is now know as an wardrobe precedence ( superpower et al. 1998 ) . Furthermore, it is inbred to set up a calibre self- sanction system. much(prenominal) system go out take to perpetual rating which is important to the supremacy of national diabetes control plan. It should trim on both unconscious process move and result go ( EMRO 2005 ) . reclamation of diabetic patients is ingrained and a precedence. It is a cost effectual attack. This is because many persons with diabetes may develop disenabling complications with high associated be ( DGHA 2003 ) .DecisionOman is undergoing demographic and socio-economic alterations, which favours an addition in the load of diabetes presenting a hard challenge. The diabetic control plan is well in topographic point and bar activities are travel on in all different degrees . However, there is a animate pray for set uping whole tone confidence mechanisms in topographic point for the plan. As dowery of this it is besides prerequisite to set up a totality of chastity at the tierce degree which could supply the mandatory advance(a) diabetic attention and besides procedure to sets criterions in the attention of diabetics. It is besides essential to constrict every bit effective enlarge attempts for better bar in order to understate the be modifiable hazard factors. Ultimately, these steps could cut down the diabetic prevalence or at to the lowest degree ascertain it at this degree.