Journal (Answer All questions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal (Answer All questions) - Essay ExampleConsequently, describes strategic management as question 8 provides the similarities and the differences between military and business strategies. The second last question, describes strategic analysis, forgement and implementation the last question provides my experience in relation to the group work. treatment one Strategies are driven by numerical figures and wide extent of research and analysis of the results the results are not base on biases, personal opinions or even individual/groups perception but rather on the tested or expected outcomes. The idea of numerical figures and research in the formulation of strategies at organizational or individual level bring in the scientific dimension of strategies. Additionally, strategies may be considered as an art or craft owing to the fact that it is a tool applied at various managerial facets and it involves the formulation, instrumentation and the examination of various processes gea red towards achieving certain goals (Johnson et al, 2011). countersign two Intended strategy applies to myriad organizational dimensions it involves undertaking deliberate planning and execution of the planned courses of actions. In some occasions it may overly be referred as deliberate strategy for instance humanitarian organization may formulate tools that will enable them deliver specific forms of assistance to victims of a disaster or industries may develop tools that will enable them fit in a competitive market. Tools used in intended strategy may include objectives, visions as well as the application of a SWOT analysis process to enhance the achievement of the desired goal (Cooper, 2007). On the former(a) hand, emergent strategies encompass a framework of actions arise over time in the process of implementing organizational plans without intended missions, objectives as well as visions. harmonise to Mintzberg, it is described as a realized pattern that was not intended. For instance an organization may realize certain imperative actions that may develop in the process of their operation which may also facilitate the achievement of their goals. Discussion Three The learning school strategy is among the ten schools of strategy it is based on the idea that strategy is a tool that develops in the process of acquiring new ideas and skills concerning various organizational facets. For instance an organization may be faced by various challenges in the process of its operation however, new ideas may emerge in the process that may assist in creating a solution to the problem (Bhatt, 2005). The other school of strategy is the position strategy that was developed by Michael Porter who believed that strategy is ascribed to the position of individual in a certain situation or the position of an organization in a certain market scenario which will influence its courses of action. For example a high motive of commodities in the market may force an organization or a n industry to raise the prices of its commodities (Bhatt, 2005). Discussion Four A strategist is a person with the understanding capacity and skills to formulate a method through the combination of various ideas and perception in order to ensure that certain specific desired goals are achieved. The

Constitutional protections in criminal investigations Essay

Constitutional protective coverings in criminal investigations - Essay ExampleHowever, in Minnesota v Murphy, an individual who was required to disclose the facts of an unrelated abuse to his probation officer, was convicted on the basis of this information (Lupia, 1984, p. 673). With this ruling, the state was permitted to procure involuntary confessions that exploited the suspects ignorance regarding their constitutional rights. With the Supreme Courts finis in Miranda v Arizona, adjective safeguards were firmly established. These protections related to the right against self incrimination (Grewell, 2005, p. 727). In addition, these rights ensured that the police did not resort to torture and other coercive measures during interrogation. Moreover, the reliability of the evidence obtained from the affirmation of the witness was ensured (Grewell, 2005, p. 728). As such(prenominal), the Fifth Amendment is crucial for the accused. The principal features of this amendment that provi de protection are the right against coerced self incrimination, right to a grand jury, right to protection against double jeopardy, and the right to due process (Miller, Cross, & Jentz, 2008, p. 614). Moreover, this amendment precludes the government from coercing a suspect to provide a self incriminatory testimony (Lupia, 1984, p. 674). ... In addition, the decision in Miranda v Arizona, provides the right to an attorney to felony suspects. However, grand jury witnesses, who fail to enter immunity deals before giving evidence, usually are unaware of whether they are suspects, work on such time as the hearings are not concluded. During the hearing such witnesses could be compelled to answer, in the absence of a lawyer. Failure to do so would channel to imprisonment. Such witnesses are also in danger of perjury traps, if they change the facts under oath (Welch, 2005). Under the provisions of the Fourth Amendment, no individuals person or home can be examined and property impounde d, in the absence of a proper warrant or if there is no such warrant, without some special necessity. The warrant should be on the basis of probable cause that evidence of a crime that had been committed could be procured from that place (United States federal Laws Regarding Privacy and Personal Data and Applications to Biometrics, 2006). Consequently, the Fourth Amendment sanctions seizures and searches, under narrow and explicit circumstances. In order to prevent double punishments and duplicative trials, the Double Jeopardy Clause was introduced in US law. The protection offered by this clause was affirmed by the Supreme Court in Abney v United States (Cases, 2008, p. 2007). This decision was diametrically opposed to the decision in United States v Calabrese, wherein the majority permitted the trial to continue, without finalizing the double jeopardy claim (Cases, 2008, p. 2008). Moreover, the Sixth Amendment directs that the accused in every criminal prosecution shall be entitl ed to a public and speedy trial. Such trial is to be by an impartial jury of the state and district where the crime had been committed. In

Contact Information Essay Example for Free

Contact Information EssayCharlotte, NC (January 1, 2013) Johnson C. Smith University is having a Whitney Houston tribute on February 20, 2013. The school choir along with President Carter is organizing a charming tribute on campus. The tribute will be held in Biddle auditorium on that Wednesday.President Carter emailed students to find out who wanted to volunteer for the event and receive confederacy service hours. Johnson C. Smith University will be selling tickets as well.The prices are 2$ for JCSU students, and 5$ for everyone else. special(prenominal) guests will be Mariah Carey, Brand, and Chris Brown. The event has been posted in local charlotte area newspapers and it will also be discussed on the local news. President Carter said This event is a must see, I think myself and everyone who helped did an frightening job. I suggest everyone come out and see this tribute.After the event Johnson C. Smith University will have feed sponsored by FDY food services. The food is free after admission and drinks are free as well. There will also be an autograph signing from the special guests after the event. Special guest Mariah Carey says Its always a pleasure doing events like this. Anytime I can help, and give back, Im always willing to.

Psychiatric Nursing Essay Example for Free

Psychiatric Nursing EssayPsychiatric give-and-take or mental welf atomic number 18 discussion refers to the field of treatment that is concerned with someones of each and every age with psychological sickness or psychological suffering, like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, despair, dementia or neurosis. However, professionals in this field argon devoted extra teaching in mental treatment, establishing a beneficial coalition that is based on challenging conduct, and the management of psychiatrical treatment. The following atomic number 18 some issues facing BC psychiatric nursing the issue of prisoners, chronic sickness, gender, old age and baby trauma. Others include healing choice creation and treatment involvement medicinal healing and treatment responsibility nurse and customer verdict creation and crisis resolving verdict approaches position clash and position un accreditedty. Prisoners punitory psychological welfare program mainly focuses on suicide avoidance, re cognition and healing of the psychologically sick, and continuity of psychiatric healing. The psychiatric professional takes pause in an essential function in every one of these plan.The psychiatric professionals responsibility in a correctional situation is exclusive. This is because the nurse mightiness operate like a staff nurse on an inpatient section giving psychiatric treatment care to prisoners on a given unit or proceed as an outpatient nurse, giving assessments, therapy, or disaster involvement to prisoners in the universal inhabitants. Programs differ in size and range of serve in quantity to the inhabitants of the region prison, financial support, and court go-ahead.For instance, a big region prison could give inpatient healing on an inpatient element inside the prison or finished an agreement by a psychiatric hospital. Smaller region locks up classically agreement their sensitive go with a local psychiatric hospital. Outpatient-rank services are more often than no n given twenty four hours every day in a bigger confinement, whereas minor prisons could give services merely on the day transfer. A minor prison can hire psychological welfare nurses on a part-time basis or none.Countries time and again choose accompaniment jails inside their jail arrangements to give sensitive psychiatric concern or employ sanatorium surroundings inside every jail to become constant and take care of intensely psychologically unwell prisoners. A particular inpatient element in a prison could be a set of cells particularly selected to reside psychiatric patients. Depending on the hold in, the region psychological health sector of psychological health services whitethorn select or certify the elements for sensitive concern.The elements can be simply confined or existential accommodation for psychological health patients getting services, apart from an inpatient rank of concern (Achenbach Edelbrock, 1981, p. 281). Chronic illness Treatment dwellings since individ uals who are psychologically unwell at times carry lasting therapeutic concern, at times when a treatment residence may be essential. Nevertheless, several treatment dwellings are not set to effectively tackle psychological health concern matters.However, while choosing a treatment dwelling for a cherished individual, make sure that it concentrates on attending to those with persistent psychological sickness. Housing Care services majority of individuals with persistent psychological sickness obtain the correct rank of concern in inhabited care services. Normally, they give twenty hour recruitment, space and panel, and support with prescription and preparing psychological welfare care arrangements. Grown-up Care services the services are additionally dwelling house oriented than housing care services.However usually give similar level of concern. They are additionally suitable for individuals whose circumstances are constant. Grown-up care services are not locked, as well as a num ber them do not give twenty hour employment. However, household Care dwellings location is more of a distinctive house in that it provides to a larger extent lesser amount of inhabitants and is not normally unionised twenty four hours a day. Unluckily, lots of funding for those with persistent psychological sickness leave alone coer this rank of attention, yet people might require the services of a grown-up attention.Supported existing elements A back up dwelling element, as its name entails, is virtually suitable for those individuals who are high performing and constant. With supported alimentation, there is less staff control and inhabitants normally exist in apartments are be given services like food, laundry, and medicinal management. Supported livelihood can also be a link to autonomous dwelling, in that if an individual fruitfully contributes in supported existence yearly, one can be capable of changing to a customary residence. Psychiatric elements they are either suppo rted in or united with sickbays.A single category of psychiatric element focuses in temporary sensitive concern, nearly when an individual is a threat to him or herself, or others. The aim of this circumstance is to stabilize the person and relocate herself or himself to an additional type of competence. Another form of psychiatric component is the one that is united with a state sickbay, and is frequently a protected capacity for those who need long lasting attention. Sexual characteristics. The stand for deed pressurizes that women are allowed to enjoy the uppermost achievable set of bodily and psychological fitness.Creating a relationship between womens individual existence and welfare and their responsibilities in the society, the stand affirms that the pleasure of this rectify is very important to their existence and welfare and their capacity to take part in every area of communal and personal living.The global meeting on residents and progress accepted that reproductive pri vileges hold confident individual courtly liberties that are already familiar in state rules, global individual kind-hearted rights credentials and other agreement credentials. omprise of general announcement of individual human rights and its 2 original executive agreements, the global agreement on financial, communal and polishedized privileges , which refers to the right of everybody to the pleasure of the uppermost possible set of material and psychological fitness, and the global agreement on public and Political civil liberties , which consists of an amount of welfare related to individual civil liberties, such like the freedom of existence, the right to freedom and safety of the individual and the freedom to solitude (Ahmann, 1994, p. 4).However, constructing on the global talks on people and growth and its Program of deed, the policy for an act affirms that the individual privileges of women consist of their freedom to be in charge and come to a decision without restrain t and sensibly on issues linked to their informality, as well as internal and reproductive wellbeing, liberated of intimidation, favoritism and hostility. Hard work has improved to regard bodily condition in the support of individual civil rights.When physical situation is measured as an individual right, and not simply a societal excellent, civil liberties and t look ats require to be explained consequently. The connection between womens individual civil liberties and welfare has been induced through the joint hard work of womens welfare and womens privileges supporters. In concentration and overlook of womens welfare matters, especially reproductive fitness, in the natural lawmaking and modifying frameworks of nations, puddle been accepted as an element of an organized favoritism besides women. Old age Psychiatric ill health is a severe physical condition trouble in old people.Mental ill health is linked to poorer health result in addition to enlarged expenses intended for ag ed patients with occur health check situation that are very much common in old age, for instance hip cracks, cancer and heart attack. In older people, the interaction of synchronized medical conditions and psychiatric and results to overwhelming disability and transience, creating exceptional therapies that have largely been neglected by the health care system. The largest part destructive essentials of manginess in America include the stigmatization of the very aged and the mentally ill.These prejudiced burdens are apparent in a lack of investigate, and insufficient opening to suitable services and healing. Psychological fitness facilities based in the community level mostly lack appropriate services for the aged and personnel strung-out to tackle medical needs. Investigation has verified that adults are more probable to be given suitable psychological wellbeing attention, and to contain improved medical results, whilst psychological fitness services are incorporated with uni versal health check care in the chief care background.Several schedules with numerous suppliers in numerous surroundings add up to an intolerable weight to individuals for whom persistent sickness and bodily disability are severe restraints. In addition, fewer stigmas related to getting psychiatric attention when they are a fundamental element of universal medicinal concern. Mental health in practice ought to have life-altering outcome. For example, sanctify of pain and despair can be treated even in older age, even in the presence of severe disease and disability, and also for those who cleave in the nursing homes.However our health system has done little to convert this systematic information into clinical practice. The persistent approach among clinicians, patients and the society in general believes that being old implies living with pain and despair. For this reason the older people dont receive the treatment they deserve. Further than the failure to recognize, diagnose, and initiate treatment, recent the next generation of troubles facing older people with mental ill health is unfortunate quality of care follow up.In most studies elderly nursing home people who receive antidepressant medication care, just about half of them continue to have sign, yet they dont need treatment changes to make sure that they get well. Infant trauma Expert qualified in the nursing and medical treatment of child sexual oppression are often the first specialists taking care of the child and assess needs and can also bare witnesses in court trials. The autochthonic intention of any medical involvement for the child is carryout a physical assessment, a psychological estimate and legal proof for potential proceedings.Children who have sexually been subjugated get to the interest of nurses and physicians in a multiplicity of dashs. The child may be attended to by a private doctor or a nurse practitioner in the urgent situation department of a hospital. Big town repeatedly have selected hospitals that attend to child victims of sexual harassments and abuse with qualified, skilled doctors, social workers and nurses. Family may be asked to take a trip some far distance so as to have their child observed and evaluated at one of the dedicated healthcare facilities.A child may also be attended to in the healthcare system through the community or public health, school nurse and outpatient services. Alleged cases of child sexual abuse may moreover be seen first by law enforcement officer who lead after that refers the child to the suitable healthcare for assessment. On arrival at the healthcare clinic, the childs parents will be asked to introduce their complains. The health evaluation of the sexually assaulted child has a number of strides which include taking of history, Interviewing the child, physical test, and psychological assessment.History taking is the initial step in the health evaluation. The information about the growth and development of the chil d is provided by the parents (Ahia, 1997, p. 36). The inquiryer will generally arrive with questions that examines the childs association about family members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the questioner may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the tec will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault.The realistic Interviewing practice is the third step where the interviewer remains objective and neutral in inquiring the child. The questioning should not be threatening to the child or the parents. Researcher should stay as unbiased and goal as probable in enquiring the child is the second step which varies depending on the age of the child and the level of development. The interviewer will evaluate the childs verbal communication skills and mental and poignant development.The research will usually commence with inquiries that examine the childs knowledge about famil y members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the interviewer may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the researcher will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault. Certain people should not be allowed in the research area. For instance, asking a child questions in front of the alleged offender or interviewing a child in a room full of adult strangers is stressful and will limit dialogue with the child.A parent or guardian in the room may be reassuring for the child and, after the child becomes thriving with the interviewer, the parent is often able to exit quietly. A suitable tone should be situated in the research from the beginning. A proper introduction of everyone put forward is necessary, as is a coherent, understandable explanation of why the interview is taking place. The researcher should request for, not take for granted, teamwork, and assure the child that the interview will be as comfortable as possible.The young person must be given authorization to inquire queries concerning everything that is not understood. A victorious research is one in which the young person is provided with some measure of control, even if it simply means a choice of a toy. Many children who have been sexually harassed have lost an intelligence of power and control over their own bodies and behavior and have learned to be overly compliant and passive. The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the young person before trying to obtain specific information about the victimization.It is over and over again is important to begin by playing with dolls or requesting the child to draw a picture. It is through this early stage that it is most suitable to ask the childs full name. The researcher may require the young person to write it down on the drawing paper. The young person should not be forced to open up right away instead the interviewer should try to determine what is preventing the child from talking about the abuse. For instance, a parent may be angry and confused because a child is making allegations about a boyfriend.That parent may have intimidated the child prior to the interview or may have threatened the child with removal from the home. It may be essential for the parent to depart the area organized for the interviewer to obtain certain information. Conclusion Psychiatric nursing face cultural and contextual issues in dealing with psychological sicknesses which may include infant disturbances, gender, issues with the inmates, sexual characteristics, chronic illness and old age . The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the different groups so as to come up with proper results as they assist the clients.

Creating a database Essay Example for Free

Creating a database EssayIntroduction RS Supplies in London is a sm whole business which specialises in the import and export of specialist medical exam equipment for hospitals as hale as for other independent businesses. At the moment all orders have to be processed manually including peckers as there is no order processing transcription. However, the clientele is growing and Mr Parkes wishes to have a computerised order processing carcass. He has a computer which is employ for typing up and storing invoices, scarcely feels that a computerised governance for processing orders and producing invoices is needed. User Requirements.Specifically he would like a system which depart Hold elaborate of guests and stock Process and assay orders Print and store invoices Hold and check customer payment lucubrate ANALYSIS Initial Investigation Mr Parkes was interviewed to find out more detail just about the proposed new order processing system. Payments Any orders for i 10,000 or less leave have been paid in advance by customers, and an invoice will find out the payment. Orders for more than i 10,000 require instructions from the customer, therefore in invoice will be sent to the customer and the payment will follow this. Supplier orders and payments.The ordering of products (stock), and payment for them, will not air part of the new system. This will be handled manually by the exploiter. Integration with existing system Each month a record of all payments from customers (in the change of invoices) will be stored in an archive charge up. This file will be deleted after existence copied to an archive file in the existing system. This process will be repeated at the end of each month. Hardware and software Mr Parkes shortly has a Pentium 3 500MHz PC with 64MB RAM, 10Gb hard disk and an inkjet printer. He uses Windows 98 as the operating system and has Microsoft Office XP installed on the system.This hardware will be equal enough to implement a syst em. The new system will be developed on a college ne devilrk and on a desktop analogous to the one described above. All files will need to fit on a 31/2 floppy disk for easy transportation betwixt home and college, and some files may need to be compressed. The college network uses 800MHZ Pentium Dell PCs with 128MB RAM and are connected to both a laser and inkjet printer. A comparing of available solutions and software packages push aside be found in the Design Section. Users skill level Mr Parkes uses his PC for word processing and calculating orders as well as using the internet and E-mail.He is familiar with Internet Explorer, Word and Excel, but has never encountered Access. Data go down diagram The sideline data flow diagram illustrates the process of encrypting orders, invoicing and payments Objectives of the new system The system must per ca-ca the following posts Allow customer details and orders to be entered and edited comfortably and quickly Allow invoices to be calculated, getd, stored and printed Allow payment details to be entered and stored Security of data via words and backup of data Allow the drug substance ab exploiter to search for specialized products Performance Indicators The following are performance indicators1. The system must be flexible and versatile enough to hold any number of orders/invoices for a fussy client. 2. Invoices should be calculated and printed in under 2 minutes. 3. The system should backup the information quickly and must be accessible easily. 4. It must take no longer than 10 seconds to search for a particular product. 5. It must not take longer than 5 seconds to search for the details of a particular customer. 6. The system must be able to allow the user to contact a client for any purpose by phone or e-mail. DESIGN servant of solutions There are a number of methods of developing the new system.1. manual of arms system. This would be very tedious as invoices have to be word processed, printed and so kept in a folder for future reference. Clients would have to send an order by fax only and not over the phone, which means that the user would have to look up products and their prices in catalogues which would be very time-consuming. The calculation of invoices would be a lengthy process and there may be a lot of flaws. 2. Spreadsheet system. This would allow Mr Parkes to keep details of customers, products and payments on separate sheets. The calculation of invoices would be made easier to some degree.However, it would take a long time to enter data and the format of reports is much harder in Excel as well. 3. A purposely spirited system. This would obviously have a lot of advantages as the system would cater for every aspect of the business activities and functions. However the cost of this kind of package is very high and Mr Parkes would have to think twice before tone ending ahead with this. 4. Existing system. The existing system doesnt have the ability to calculate, sto re and print invoices and consists of a very lengthy procedure (as stated in Manual system above), so it would not be appropriate.5. Access database. The new system can be developed using Access, as it is a relational database which is currently installed on the users computer and on the college network. Final choice software This system will be implemented using Access XP. This package is suitable as it has many features which can be utilise in developing the system, such as The ability to link tables via a primary primal and foreign key The ability to create a posting by using the switchboard function The use of macros to automate certain tasks The use of mail merge to create standardised documentsThe ability to set a password to prevent unauthorised access Facilities which allow the creation of reports which can be formatted as required, and previewed before printing. Database externalise Entity-relationship diagram There are four entities in the database related as follows T able convention The four tables are defined as follows CUSTOMER tabular array Field Name Data Type Description/Validation CUSTOMER ID textual matter (5) Primary key CUSTOMER NAME Text (20) ADDRESS Text (50) TELEPHONE NUMBER 1 minute Long integer TELEPHONE NUMBER 2 tot Long Integer MOBILE NUMBER Number Long Integer FAX NUMBER Number Long Integer.Text (40) PRICE Number Long Integer, Currency QUANTITY Number Long Integer TOTAL Number Long Integer, Currency organise Design There will be four forms for data entry CUSTOMER FORM This form allows the user to add, edit and delete customer details, as well as allowing the user to contact a customer using an AutoDialer. PAYMENT FORM This allows the user to import customer details from the Invoice form, enter the meat substance of a customers order, and store the data in the Payment table. INVOICE FORM This allows the user to enter the details of a customers order(s), such as the product and its price etc.It also allows the user to cre ate and print an invoice for any customer. The user can contact customers via e-mail through the use of a hyperlink to the e-mail client. PRODUCT circuit card This allows the user to add, edit and delete products. FORM Query instauration All processing of data will be carried out using queries which are communicate by macros on specific forms as described beneath 1. Query1 When an order is entered through the Invoice form, the data is stored in Invoice table. From this table, the data is sent to the interrogate, which allows the user to search for a specific order and check the details.This is doable because an expression is entered in the criteria section of the Customer ID field in the query. Invoices are created and printed from this form via a report with the same name as the query. 2. ProductQuery The user can search for specific products using the PRODUCT CODE. The following expression will be entered into the criteria section of the Product Code field of the query ENTER PRODUCT CODE. When the query is opened, a dialogue box will appear asking the user to enter the product code, after which the query appears displaying the relevant data.3. PAYMENT This allows the user to search for the payment details of QUERY specific customers using their CUSTOMER ID. The expression ENTER CUSTOMER ID, is entered in the Criteria section of the Customer ID field in the query. This displays the total amount of the order. 4. CUSTOMER QUERY This query uses the same expression as that for Payment Query to display the contact details of a specific customer. Report design Reports are used to produce the invoice as they can be customised by the user. Query1 This report is used to create the invoice. It is made from the query of the same name.The invoice structure consists of the records for each product a customer Macro design Macros are used for chess opening and closing forms, queries and reports, as well as import data from one form to another, backup of tables, pith boxes and record navigation. QTYmacro This is a macro which imports the Customer name and ID from the Customer Order Form to the Payment Form.(This is support when the user clicks on IMPORT CUSTOMER DETAILS on the Payment Form, but only runs when the Customer Order Form is open and minimised) MSG11 This macro displays two dialogue boxes when certain conditions in the design of the macro are satisfied. This macro is affiliated to the Total field on the Payment Form.(This macro is run when the user enters an amount in the Total field, which is less than i 10,000 or greater than i 10,000 and then clicks on CHECK PAYMENT) BACKUP INVOICE TABLEmacro This macro is used to backup data from the Invoice table to a database on a floppy disk. (This macro is run when the user clicks on BACKUP INVOICE TABLE on the Backup Form. There are three more macros like this which copy the tables in Table design above to the floppy disk) Menu design The menu will be created manually. down the stairs a re the notes on the implementation of the menu There will be six buttons on the main menu which open the following formsThe main menu will appear automatically when the database is opened, and the main database window will be hidden. The application will show the political party name and logo in the top left-hand corner (Title bar) of the application window. This will be done using TOOLS, STARTUP. Security The database will be password protected as it is vital that only authorised personnel have access to the database. All printed invoices will be stored in a separate file and kept safely in an archive, therefore fraud/tampering with documents can be avoided. study Strategy The test strategy will include the following The examen of each form, macro, report query rilling the functionality of the system i. e. each menu item, command button Checking the system by running through a series of tests Establishing whether or not the system meets the end-users requirements. Test plan Test No. Test Expected result 1. Test password/startup tho 147 accepted and Main menu opens with troupe logo and name 2. Test Main Menu options All forms open correctly, Application fills when wet selected. 3. Delete customer record for DJ001 Record deleted 4.Check that totals are calculated correctly by opening Query1 for AP001 Query opens showing all records for AP001 with correct totals 5. Check Invoice details for AP001 Invoice opens in print preview showing all records for AP001 6. Check Print Invoice function for AP001 Invoice prints correctly 7. Check AutoDialer for D. JACKSON Number dialled correctly 8. Check E-mail hyperlink Correct web page (www. hotmail. com) opened 9. Check Backup of Invoice Table The backup is successful and no error messages appear 10. Check Import of customer details for AP001 Details imported successfully 11. Check CHECK PAYMENT function for AP001.Dialogue box appears displaying the message CONTACT CUSTOMER FOR INSTRUCTIONS 12. Test Quit Application A pplication closes when CLOSE selected Test data set 1 Customer Table Test data set 2 Invoice table Test data set 3 Test data set 4 User testing The system will be tested by the end-user. This testing may reveal some functions and features of the system which do not work as the user would have liked them to. IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING Test results Test 1 Test password/startup (Only 147 accepted) (Main menu opens after correct password is entered, displaying company name and logo on title bar) Test 2 Test Main Menu options.(All forms open, application closes when CLOSE is selected see screenshots in User Guide. ) Test 3 Delete customer record for DJ001 (Record deleted after DELETE RECORD was selected) Test 4 Check that totals are calculated correctly by opening Query1 for AP001 The invoice is calculated by selecting the required products from the combo boxes, entering the quantity required of each product, then clicking in the Total field to calculate the total for that record. Each successive product is entered by the same procedure, except that a new record has to be added for every new product which is to be entered.Below is a screenshot of the Invoice form from which the details of AP001 will be imported. The Invoice form is minimised and the IMPORT CUSTOMER DETAILS button on the Payment form is selected to perform the operation, as shown on the next page. The above screenshot shows the imported details for AP001 (The details were imported successfully) Test 11 Check CHECK PAYMENT function for AP001 The above screenshot shows the dialogue box PAYMENT CHECK. (The dialogue box appears displaying the message CONTACT CUSTOMER FOR INSTRUCTIONS) Test 12 Test Quit Application(Application closes when CLOSE is selected and the above screen is displayed. ) EVALUATION Performance criteria 1. The system can hold any number of orders for a particular client because each client has a unique CUSTOMER ID which distinguishes one customers order from another customers order. 2. It takes around 1-2 minutes to calculate, view and print a customers invoice. 3. The system is able to backup the tables, which hold of import information, easily and can be accessed quickly as well. 4. It takes a maximum of 5 seconds to search for a particular product. 5.It takes around 5 seconds to search for the details of a customer, whether its payment details or contact details. 6. The system allows the user to contact a customer by both telephone and e-mail. USER manual Introduction This application is designed to Hold details of customers and their orders Hold details of products Create and print invoices Allow the user to search for both customers and products. It is designed to run on a PC with Windows 98 as its operating system and needs Access XP to be installed. It requires around 2 Mb of disk lay to store the application and at least the same again to store data.Starting the system Load Access XP and from the menu select File, Open. The database is called RS Sup plies. Security and passwords You will be asked to enter the password on opening the database. The password is currently 147, but you should change this immediately by opening the database in OPEN unshared mode, then select Tools, Security, Unset Database Password. The main menu When the correct password is entered, the main menu will open, as shown below The Invoice Form The Backup Form The Product Query (Product Query for product code C5073) The Payment Form The Customer Form Invoice Form Selecting this form will bring up the followingCalculate and print invoices The following steps are used to calculate and print invoices The combo boxes on the right-hand side are used to enter information in the corresponding text boxes on the left-hand side The quantity of a product is typed in manually Once all data has been entered, click on the TOTAL text box This calculates the total for the chosen quantity and adds VAT at 17. 5% If more products need to be added, simply click on NEW RECOR D and enter the CUSTOMER ID, then carry on as above Once the order is complete, go back to the first record and click on MAKE INVOICE. You will be asked to enter the Customer ID.After this, the query opens, check the data, then close the query. You will return to the Invoice Form, where you click on VEnter the total amount of the order in the TOTAL field Click on CHECK PAYMENT to determine whether or not a payment has been made for that order. Quit Application This is done by clicking on CLOSE on the main menu. However, this doesnt close Access. Backups You should backup the database to a floppy disk at regular intervals, and store the disk in a safe place. TECHNICAL manual(a) This manual is for more experienced users of Access as this allows the user to maintain or enhance the system. Macros The screenshot of the macro MSG11 gives an overview of the message box macroThis macro is attached to the On Click event property of the CHECK PAYMENT button on the Payment form The above two screenshots show the macro MSG11 in design view. There are two different conditions which display two different messages. The screenshot of the macro QTYmcr gives an overview of the SetValue macro This is a SetValue macro which imports data from the Invoice form to the Payment form. This screenshot of the BACKUP INVOICE TABLEmacro gives an overview of the copy object macro This macro is used to copy the INVOICE TABLE from the database RS Supplies.

Diagram For Five Bus Power System Computer Science Essay

Diagram For Five Bus Power System Computer Science EssayThe main objective of this wander is to dismantle the diametric parameters of v passel bar authority formation. Analysis of these motorbus bars parameters must be supported by both theoretic altogether(prenominal)y and copy resolves obtained by using Power solid ground Simulator (PWS). Power earthly concern Simulator (PWS) used for engineering depth psychology, power system visualisation, manikin and analysis tool 1. In this get word five bus bars attached to for each one other(a) according to their specific input data. According to power system terminology, bus is the node at which 2 or more than than different devices joined known as buses. In electrical power distribution, bus bar thick strip that deal electricity to other electrical apparatus 2.In this couch, input data for five bus power system provided and the compulsory power system intentional on the Power World Simulator as per requirement. When five bus power systems designed on PWS instructions completely followed in crop to make inevitable design. After that one-line diagram is obtained shown in write in code 1. Then design critically analysed by performing simulation in localize to declare potential drops and flows on other network components.Figure 1 One-line diagram for five bus power system2. Problem AnalysisWhen designing five bus bar power system different problem were faced because designing is quite complex and skilled operation.2.1 Data analysisBefore start designing in assure to draw one-line diagram input data for buses were properly analysed and also transmission line data and transformer data. As four variables associated with each bus voltage order of magnitude Vk, phase angle k , real power Pk, and reactive power Qk. By these variables analyse which were input data and which were unknown from the provided input data.2.2 Designing analysisIn designing, general designing principles were followed in or der to design five bus power system. The five-bus power system modelled in Power World Simulator (PWS), this softw are package used for power system analysis. Although some guide provided to start modelling the five-bus power system in PWS. Modelling was quite complex and take some(prenominal) times because of different adjustment and given parameters was properly entered for buses, transmission lines, and transformers in order to simulate model properly. After completing the required model on PWS, power flow raise be visualized and also other parameters that were unknown when simulation performed.2.3 Software analysisAccording to the main objective of the project mainly focused on the modelling as per requirement and five-bus power system modelled on the Power World simulator for the purpose of simulation. This software requires some good skills. Thats why general principles must follow in order to simulate the desired model otherwise problem might occur.3. Problem Solutions3.1 Data issueThe one-line diagram can obtain by inserting the bus data, transmission line data and transformer as per requirement for the five-bus power system. The bus input data modify to distinguish between different kinds of buses. These buses are as followsSlack bus ( V and input data)Load bus (P and Q input data)Voltage controlled bus (P and V input data)Similarly transmission line input data provide series resistance, reactance, and shunt charging, transformer input data provide series resistance and reactance. With the armed service of these input data one-line diagram can be achieved by using the software.3.2 Designing solutionThe required model designed on Power World Simulator which permits the system to perfectly model as single phase system. The connection between devices drawn by a single line in order to join them, in that respectfore one-line diagram achieved. The desired model has five buses and by available input data for all devices model can be achieved by inserting all devices parameters properly. Make sure that all the devices connected to each other, otherwise its impossible to achieve the required results. In PWS, generator have circle effect with a rotor at the centre, large arrows represent the load and transmission line represented by simple line. By following the general principles required one-line diagram can be achieved.3.3 Software solutionFive-bus power system modelled on PWS as per requirement and then simulation performed to determine the unknown variables. By this software different techniques like Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson techniques can be performed. By PWS, Y bus (Bus Admittance Matrix) can be easily obtained and compare with theoretical set of admittance matrix. PWS has some different and interesting specification if compare with MATLAB and Proteus. Simulation can easily perform by PWS but make sure that all the given parameters properly inserted.4. ImplementationThe main objective of this project to analys e the five-bus power system that means to critically analyse the parameters for buses, transformers, and transmission lines. These parameters can be determined theoretically by performing different theoretical techniques but the result obtained have some human error and time consuming, thats why in order to remove these error Power World Simulator used. By following the modelling analysis and solution, implementation of five-bus power system can be achieved by using the software Power World Simulator (PWS). PWS used in order to compare both simulated and theoretical results.Power World Simulator has two modes, slue mode and Run mode. Edit mode used to add buses, load and many other components as shown in innovation 4.1Figure 4.1As this project based on Power World Simulator as per requirement and by following the bus input data totally five buses inserted in order to full fill the requirement. In the Edit mode, five buses inserted to desired location. All buses parameters set as p rovided and adjusted in Bus Field Options dialog and there are three load buses, one slack bus, and one voltage control bus. Between bus1 and bus5 transformer line connected and similarly between bus4 and bus3. This can be done graphically by selecting insert, transformer. Buses 2, 4 and 5 connected by line, all these line have different parameters, line series resistances, series reactance and MVA particularise inserted in the line information dialog. The required model has two generators one on slack bus1 and other on voltage control bus3, and also two loads, one load inserted on bus2 and other load inserted on voltage control bus3. Parameters for buses, transmission lines and transformers properly set as given. By following all these principle required one-line diagram obtained as shown in figure 4.2Figure 4.2Power World Simulator also has other mode, Run Mode which is used for the simulation. When simulation performed all the unknown determine appeared on the screen. The arrow s show the direction of power flow as shown in figure 4.3. On this final model different technique and changes performed as per requirement.Figure 4.35. Results and DiscussionsAfter completing the one-line diagram on Power World Simulator simulation performed. Through simulation all the unknown values determined and these parameters shown in table 5.1Table 5.1After that Y-matrix can be easily displayed in PWS by selecting case information, solution details, Y-bus. The Y-bus derived by other system parameters which cannot be change directly. These simulated values compare with the theoretical values. Y-bus matrix shown in table 5.2Table 5.2Theoretical values for Y-bus admittance matrix elements are given infraOff diagonal elementsY42 = Y24 = 089276 + j 9.91964Y52 = Y25 = 1.42284 + j 15.8714Y51 = Y15 = 3.72 j 49.72Y54 = Y45 = 2.8568 j 31.7428Y43 = Y34 = 7.458 j 99.44Diagonal elementsY11 = 3.72 j 49.7Y22 = 2.3211 j 25.791Y33 = 7.458 j 99.44Y44 = 11.21 j 121.25Y55 = 8.0053 j 97.324The theoretical values compare with the simulated values as obtained in table 5.2 almost aforesaid(prenominal) result obtained.After computing the Y-matrix, Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson techniques apply in Power World Simulator in order to solve the power flow problem and compare the solution obtained by PWS. PWS gives the calculation by default Gauss-Seidel technique, so the bus record table 5.1 shown above is the solution for Gauss-Seidel. The solution computed by Newton-Raphson technique shown in table 5.3.Table 5.3After computing the solutions from both the techniques and compared with each other. It observed from both the results that there was not much difference in both results except in generated reactive power (MVAr). Newton-Raphson gives more accurate results because it performs more iteration as compare to Gauss-Seidel.In the case when demand increases at bus 2 set as almost double, as a result load on the transformer between bus 3 and bus 4 increases and also r eactive power in generator at bus 3 increases which indicates that losses in the generator also increases. It is observed that the acceptable generated range at bus 2 is 844MW, demand increases but power at bus to not upto required demand.Figure 5.1In PWS the shunt capacitance connected on bus 2 in parallel with load and this method of connecting capacitor in parallel with load is known as power factor correction and decreases the apparent power of source, so source current also decreases. As the line connected between the load and generator line losses decrease and little line voltage drop across the line. The capacitor of 210 Mvar rank inserted at bus 2 and decreases the losses from 46.50 MW to 29.1MW as shown in area field option dialogue belowThe connected capacitor shown in figure 5.2 which supplying the reactive power of 188.1Mvar. Capacitive reactance rating depends on assumed voltage 1.0 pu and this loss due to capacitor reactance varies directly with the square of the vo ltage. The voltage at bus 2 increases to 0.95 pu as per requirement also shown in figure 5.2Figure 5.2After that another possible changing in five-bus power system performed to find the low voltage problem, for that another transmission line inserted in parallel between bus 4 and 2 having the same parameters with the already exciting model and then simulation performed. After that all the parameters analyse and at bus 3 MVar of the generator decreases and hence losses. Load on line between bus 3 and 4 also decreases. At bus 2 the voltage increases to 0.96 pu and losses at bus 2 decreases shown area field dialogue given below.By inserting transmission line power factor also improve and simulated one-line diagram shown in the figure 5.3. The choice for inserting the line is less preferable as compare to capacitor in real implementation because of the cost factor but both these can be used for power factor improvement.Figure 5.3In PWS, the real and reactive mismatches equation by simpl y selecting the option mismatches option, the table given below shows real and reactive power mismatches. The convergence tolerance is 1% of their rated value.The transmission line between bus 2 and 4 is removed for maintenance. After that five bus power system again simulated and its operating condition is not acceptable because transmission line between bus 5 and bus 4 is overloaded. Then in order to run the system under normal condition the load at bus 2 and bus 3 are equally shared in such a way that the overloading on the transmission line between bus 5 and bus 4 is reduced.6. ConclusionAfter completing this project, we get enough information about how to draw bus power system by using Power World Simulator (PWS). This simulation software easy to use and give brief description of each step, voltage, load angle etc. Most importantly this software is less time consuming and free from any human error. This project gives very good understanding and knowledge about bus power system and unsnarl idea about the different parameters that mainly analysed during simulation.Now a days mostly all industries using such kind of softwares in order to check any fault and transmission losses. Mainly electric consumption have increased and also the number of interconnections, so future planning become more complex. The software like PWS efficiently calculates power-flow solution of any numbers of bus power systems. This project gives an idea to analyse different kind of transmission design.

Ethical Issues In Marketing Vulnerable Customer Groups

estimcapable Issues In merchandising Vulnerable Customer GroupsEthics ar defined as the coif of principles which guide a mortals conduct towards being righteously right. When a psyche is faced with round moral dilemma, the choice that the person makes largely depends upon the values and honourable principles that person holds. It is over and above just being legal. Due to being subordinate upon the personal values and principles a person holds, honourable code of conduct cannot be described in absolute limits. Like in all the disciplines of life, recognizing and quantifying what is respectable in change and what is not is difficult. In a broader sense, ethics in trade mean implementing standards of moral rights and wrongs and of fairness in the selling practices of an governing body.The main objective of any business is said to be sh beholders wealth maximization. In order to achieve this objective, the memorial tablet has to perform better than its competitors and create a competitive advantage for itself. This competitive advantage is mainly dependent upon the perception the customers hold of the convergences or services of the organization. An organization can create competitive advantage by means of its marketing decisions, behavior and practices. This includes aligning its marketing mix as per the customers requirements. The organization will gain competitive advantage altogether when the customer will perceive the marketing mix i.e. intersection, price, place and forward motion to be of value.The focus has increased towards being honourable in marketing practices mainly imputable to two reasons. First, when an organization trifles honorablely, the customers tend to develop lots positive perception and attitude towards its harvest-times and services and the organization as a whole. This leads to long-term positive relationship with the customers. When the marketing practices of an organization depart from being ethical and the st andards that ar realiseed to be unimpeachable by the society be not followed, the organization taints its own image. It whitethorn lead to bad publicity for the trusty, dissatisfied customers, preoccupied business, lack of trust, and in some case even a legal action.Second, ethical abuses lead to pressure from either the society or the government for the firms to be more responsible. Since such ethical abuses do occur, people tend to believe that such marketing practices abound. As a result of this, consumer interest groups and some original associations exert stoop on marketing practices and keep them checked. An indicator of this is several regulations that grow been designed just to protect the consumers rights.However, in order to be pricy to some stakeholders the organizations whitethorn sometimes make decisions which argon not good for otherwise stakeholders and effectively turn against those stakeholders interests. The ethical unblocks whitethorn not be only in terms of consumer, but they may in addition be for other stakeholders standardized the suppliers, employees, distribution chain etc.Categorizing Ethical Issues in marketEthical issues in marketing can be categorized as followsUnethical Product and Distribution Practices Several product-related issues, especially regarding the quality of products and services raise questions roughly ethical conduct in marketing. The most frequent complaints are voiced regarding the products which are of unsafe nature. Other than this, the problems are regarding poor quality of product or service, product/service not containing what is promoted or the product/service becoming obsolete or going out of style before they are used. The society which is making products that is of poor quality or is potentially unsafe for its consumers may jeopardize its image and develop a reputation for poor quality products or services. It may also put itself in situation of product claims or legal actions. Somet imes, however, the changes in an indus elbow grease itself occur and the products become obsolete so stiff that the consumers may misinterpret it as planned obsolescence e.g. in computer industry.Ethical issues may arise in the distribution process as well. Since the marketing forcefulness and sales representatives are evaluated mostly on the basis of sales performance, they may face performance pressure and this pressure may lead to ethical dilemmas. This may lead to unethical practices deal pushing sale for products with higher commission, exerting influence on vendors to reduce promotions for competitors products, or making false promises regarding shipment dates and quantities.Deceptive Marketing Practices Deception is making the customer believe in the value provided by the product/service which it actually doesnt provide. It may take the form of misrepresentation or omission of key facts or misleading practices. This may also involve omission of important terms and conditi ons of sale and bait-and-switch selling techniques in which a product/service is offered usually at a lower price and the customers are then encouraged to buy more expensive items. Selling the potentially angry products without disclosing the dangers is also conceiveed as deceptive and unethical marketing practice. There may also be packaging deception which is mislabeling regarding the content, weight, size, or use information of the product. unworthy and Objectionable Materials and Marketing Practices The promotional actuals, advertisements and publications that are sensed as objectionable may create strong negative reactions for the organization. Such things may be perceived as objectionable or even offensive for some when they contain material which is related to certain stereotypical images, sex, or religious practices. Some things may carry polar meanings in different locations and religions which may also be problematic if not handled properly.When people find the produ cts or the promotion and advertising media as objectionable, they may force the vendors to stop carrying the product. So, it is in the interest of the order to screen such things and make them suitable so as to match to the tastes and preferences of their target market. reign marketing also involves objectionable practices ranging from minor irritants like the frequency and timing of sales calls, letters or e-mails, to the ones that are even illegal. The practices that may raise ethical questions are persistent and annoying telemarketing calls, sales disguised as contests, use of mailing lists containing personal mail IDs, junk mails etc. However, there countenance been some steps and regulations to control these practices like Do not call registry to avoid telemarketing calls etc., but they are not sufficient and much involve to be done in this regard.Marketing Research and Benchmarking This is another area in which ethical questions may arise. Consumers and entities being ben chmarked may consider it an incursion on their privacy. They are usually resistant on giving out personal information. However, in order to obtain correct and better data, researcher may act by unfair means. The homogeneous may happen in case of benchmarking. In some cases, the questions may be modified in a way to gain information which the respondent would not be willing to share otherwise. The organizations arrive at to impose ethical standards for themselves in such instances.Ethical Issues in Marketing to Vulnerable Customer GroupsThe vulnerable customer groups include children, elderly, certain minorities, and religious groups. These customers may be influenced comparatively more easily as they admit either less knowledge about these practices or they are vulnerable in terms of their minority or religion. Children have invariably been important marketing target for certain kind of products. However, in recent times more and more marketing efforts are being focused on chi ldren. Children have bang-up influencing power while making any purchase decision. But, generally, their knowledge is less developed and limited about the products, media, advertisements, and the selling strategies espouse by the firms. Due to these reasons, they are more likely to be attracted to the strong images projected towards them and the psychological appeals directed towards them.Ethical questions arise in such environment when children are exposed to impugnable practices e.g. advertisements attracting them towards products which are potentially harmful like alcoholic drink and tobacco. The advent of Internet and direct marketing practices to market the products to children has become a major ethical issue in todays environment. There are very less, almost negligible, controls which can supervise the content which goes over the web sites. The marketers can present objectionable and misleading material to the minors without any regulation. Due to all these issues, there is increasing need to control the content being presented to children. It requires higher levels of regulations for marketing to children.Ethical Issues in transnational MarketingThere is a relationship among the culture of a kingdom and the perceived ethical perceptions of the citizens of that country. Due to globalization of the markets and hence the marketing practices, the marketers have to deal with the ethical issues arising in cross-cultural scenario. In this cross-cultural environment, the marketer may have to choose between entirely different set of ethical norms and values. A marketer may not wish to leave her own ethical values and adopt the cross-cultural values and this may pose the ethical dilemma. A practice which is generally accepted as being right in one country may be completely unacceptable in another. The situation gets more complex collectable to lack of clearly defined ethical standards and code of conduct. Major ethical problems in international marketing are as followsSmall or large scale bribery Bribery is mostly considered to be an unethical practice. However, in some countries it may be acceptable to get some work done or speed up the process.Gifts/Favors/Entertainment These include items like gifts, personal travels etc. which may be mean to get some job done. However, it may be considered just as a gift in some cultures, it may also be considered as being a source of influence in other cultures.Pricing The ethical issues regarding this include unfair price differentials, pricing to eliminate local aspiration by selling products at prices which are well below those in home country, or adopting pricing practices which are illegal in home country but are legal in host country like price fixing arrangements and forming cartels.Products/Technology This may involve ethical issue of selling the product/service which is banned in home country but not in the host country or which is inappropriate or incompatible for people in ho st country to use.Questionable commissions to Channel partners This may include unethical practices like paying unreasonably high commissions to channel partners like dealers, distributors, sales personnel etc. to carry the products of this firm and restricting the products of competing firms.Involvement in political affairs This includes the issues of exertion of political influence by multinationals, or indulging in marketing practices in countries which are at war with the home country.Cultural differences There may be potential misunderstandings as some practices may be considered as right in one culture and immoral or even illegal in another.Reasons behind Ethical Issues in MarketingFor any ethical issue arising in marketing, first we need to understand the reason of its emergence. Following are the reasons or ethical dilemmas or tensitys due to which ethical issues ariseConsumer Autonomy vs. Marketing Effectiveness The consumer should be autonomous and should be allowed t o make free choice about the product/service. At the same time, the marketing effort should be effective which means that it should help the organization to achieve the supposeed financial results and to do so affect the consumer behavior. Most of the times, the effectivity criteria which can be described as achievement of sales lasts takes preference over the consumer autonomy. The problems arising out of this type of tension may include misleading advertisements, seclusion or misrepresentation of comminuted information etc.This can best be explained by the example of Amazon.com which offered different prices to different customers on the same day. The invention of differential pricing is perfectly in sync with the marketing effectiveness. However, it was against the concept of consumer autonomy.Consumer Choice vs. Consumer Protection Consumers should be given alternatives to choose from as per the consumer choice concept. Consumer shelter says that the consumer should be p rotected from abuse. Consumers may not always choose the product which is good for them. This is especially true for consumers like children, elderly or poverty-stricken. Target marketing to such vulnerable consumers is an example where these two goals diverge. Target marketing is a core concept of marketing. However, when it involves vulnerable consumer segment, it may attract criticism. This raises a question that the product is serving the distinct needs of the segment or taking advantage of their vulnerability.Consumer Satisfaction vs. Revenue Growth Firms should increase their profits and they should also focus on delivering comfort to their customers. Most of the times these two objectives can go hand-in-hand. However, sometimes these objectives diverge because fulfilling the requirements and obligations of current customers may come in way of incremental taxation generation. E.g. If a firm discovers a fault in its product, should it recall it, offer free or discounted repl acement or use the same resources for further gross generation. If a recall is not done it may cause reduction in customer satisfaction. There have been several instances in which companies have forsaken their revenues for customer satisfaction. The latest example in this can be taken from Honda recalling almost 7 lakh Jazz and City cars globally due to a defect. However, there have also been the cases where companies chose not to act even after detecting the defect and the customers have suffered due to this.Customer Participation vs. Total System dexterity As per the marketing theory, entire marketing process from product development to communication and distribution should be made as efficient as possible. It also says that the consumers should participate in the process. However, to gain more efficiency, the processes require standardization which may not be quite engaging for the customers.Customer Welfare vs. Price discrimination In industries having high fixed costs and e xpiring capacities, like airlines, hotels etc., price discrimination is very important to maintain profitability. In such cases, the firms should try to capture the consumer trim by exercising price discrimination. On the other hand, the firm should also contribute to consumer welfare and price discrimination is believed to reduce this consumer welfare as it results in increased price dispersion for the products/services.Ethical issues such as predatory pricing occur due to this reason. Predatory pricing initially offers lower prices to the customers, but subsequently it leads to reduced innovation, variety and increased prices. Selling branded goods at price premium is also considered as being an ethical issue due to this particular reason.Employee Satisfaction vs. Short-Term Profit Employee satisfaction has often been related to customer satisfaction which in turn leads to the success of an organization. If the organization maintains conditions such as ethical climate in the org anization, then it may lead to improved employee satisfaction and service quality. However, this may come in conflict with the profit goal of the organization to maintain its competitive advantage. This may lead to situations where companies take advantage of their employees, avoid safety and health standards and go against labor unionization. There have been cases when companies have put the health and safety of their employees just in order to maintain their profits and earnings.Collaborative Supplier Relationships vs. Short-Term Cost Control Longer term relationships with suppliers enhance the firms results. The smaller the number of suppliers, i.e. the more collaboration a company has with its suppliers, the better the results of a firm are. However, the mass merchandisers take so much leeway out of small suppliers that the small suppliers are forced to leave the business. Hence, such things lead to ethical issues.Changing Perception to Resolve the Ethical Issues in MarketingEt hical issues cannot be resolved easily due to the fact that there are no concrete guidelines regarding what is ethical and what it not. However, a marketer may try to resolve the ethical dilemmas she faces by applying some logics which are different from generally followed logics. Following are some of the ways that may help in result some of the ethical issues arising in marketingChanging perception about the unit of exchange Changing perception about unit of exchange between the organization and consumer from just being a product or service to the benefit of than product or service may help a company make better ethical choice. Where a product focus makes a company think that since the product is intended for a particular segment, it will always provide benefit to the segment, a benefit focus makes the company think in terms of actual benefit that is being provided to its consumers. E.g. while marketing an cloudburst or tobacco product the marketer may think that there is a goo d subscribe for the product, so the consumer should be provided with additional choice. However, when the focus is on benefit being provided to the consumer, the company may take responsible action like also providing information about the health hazard of such products. With this logic, a firm would not sell a potentially harmful product to its customers with conviction that they are doing it for harmful purposes.Customer as a Co-Creator of Service primarily a customer is regarded as only a recipient of products or services. The marketer segments the customer, places its products, and distributes and promotes to the customers. However, if the marketer involves the customer and does things in interaction with the customer it may work to reduce two potential ethical dilemmas of consumer autonomy vs. marketing effectiveness and consumer participation vs. total system efficiency.When the customer is working in collaboration with the marketer, more transparency can be introduced whic h will further lead to marketing efficiency. E.g. in case of differential pricing, with collaborative actions more transparent discounting may be introduced which will further allow the customers to make informed choices.Such an approach makes sure that deception or any other type of manipulation with consumers conception doesnt happen. When the consumer is co-creator of service, the perception of marketer will shift from making the process as efficient as possible to making it of more value to the customer.Value finis from producer to consumer Recognizing the fact that value is determined by the consumers may help the firms decide between societal benefits and mere profit maximization. This helps in resolving the ethical dilemmas of consumer welfare and price discrimination. The companies may look closely at the totality of their value proposition including all its consequences like social and environmental consequences.Instead of centre on the product and its functional benefi ts, the value is determined from the perspective of consumer. Here, as long as the price discrimination is transparent, the choice made by the customers reflects the perceived value she attached with the choice. It reflects the notion of consumer welfare in the terms of customers perceived value of status, quality, convenience, innovation, variety and assurance. This logic also shows that the price premiums charged by companies are evidence of customers willingness to pay more for the trust inspired by the brand name.Firm-Customer Interaction As per this concept, the customers should be active participants instead of just being acted upon. This reduces the tension between the goals of satisfying current customers and working for incremental revenues. It also works to reduce the firm-supplier tension of collaborative relationships and profit maximization.These ethical dilemmas get diluted because the firm recognizes the value of customer relationships and this is willing to invest i n the same. An example of this is the implied meaning of a brand as being a promise. There is a moral obligation for a company to deliver what a brand promises. Failure to deliver that value may harm the consumer perception and hence the firm-customer relationship. On the other hand, fulfillment of this leads to the strengthened relationship between the firm and the consumer.Recognizing the source of economic growth Traditionally, the firms consider the wealth to be the things which they own i.e. the resources which can be acted upon. However, the firms should consider that the main source of their economic growth is the skills and knowledge of the employees which act on these resources. This recognition may help in reducing the ethical dilemma of employee satisfaction vs. short-term profit.What an organization should do?Following are some guidelines that an organization may adopt in order to be ethical in its marketing practicesTake responsibility First and foremost, an organizat ion should be able to take the responsibility of its actions. The organization should make sure that any marketing decisions and actions meet the customers needs and are able to satisfy them. In addition to this, these marketing decisions and actions should also cater to the broader needs of the society. The responsibility also extends to the employees and other organization that the firm deals with like suppliers or dealer agencies. The organization should not choose to encourage the unethical behavior in terms of any of these stakeholders.Recognize your customers rights Any organization has limited duties towards its customersThe customers should be able to expect that the products and services they intend to use are fit accordingly.The communication regarding the products or services should not be deceptive.The organization should intend to work in good faith.The organization should have appropriate policy to handle the grievances a customer might have.The organization should b e considerate about the rights and interests of vulnerable groups and should not exploit them.Balance the Customer Interests with Marketing Needs Marketing has a number of objectives ranging from providing information about the product/service, stimulating the demand and boosting the sale, emphasizing the product value and differentiating the product from those of competitors. Hence, it may get difficult for an organization to strike a balance between these objectives of marketing with the ethical lading to the consumer for providing honest, clear and unambiguous information. The situation may be aggravated if the business conditions are not good. However, the organization should focus on the long-term benefits in terms of better branding and customer loyalty while taking decisions on ethical issues.Recognize the inherent possibility of Ethical Issues Ethical issues arise when the interests and view blooms of different stakeholders like the organization itself, customers, employe es, and society etc. clash. Such issues are, however, very prominently inherent in certain industries or with certain kind of products e.g. tobacco and alcohol products. The organization should consider whether to advertise for them, to what extent to advertise and what the target customers for the advertisements should be. But, in such industry, no matter what decision an organization takes, it may have to feign the brunt of social ethicality merely be being in the particular industry.Be Environment-Friendly Green issues have come to prominence and have become major point of concern in recent times. Several organizations have made changes in their methods in order to be environment friendly. Some have even adopted special practices to give back to the environment. However, when the organizations try to improve the perception of their products/services by communicating these practices to the customers and other stakeholders they tend to get skeptical about the motives and claims o f the organization. The organization should be able to promote such motives and claims so these are accurate and are able to be substantiated.Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility Conventionally, customers are primarily influenced by the product/service features, price and availability while making a choice about the product/service. However, with growing concerns about sustainable practices, environment-friendliness and social responsibility, there is one more dimension which has started influencing customer decisions. This dimension is of the policies a company adopts for its products and services. Customers are getting increasingly sensitive about the deed processes, and the level of social responsibility with which organizations deal with their employees, invest their money, or indulge in other activities. Customers tend to prefer the products/services from a company which is comparatively more socially responsible. Hence, it is a benefit for the organization to be eth ically correct for its customers.In order to gauge the level of social responsibility of the organization, it should consider following factorsAre the products safe and being manufactured with sustainable materials, processes and under responsible conditions?Are the advertising practices being followed honest, clear and socially acceptable?Does the product provide value for money to the customers along with providing profits to the organization?Is the organization indulging in unethical selling practices?Does the organization ensure fair addition to its products and services through its distribution channels?Is it easy for customers to get their issues resolved and does the organization meet customer requirements?Review all the aspects of marketing The organization should review article all aspects of marketing including product design, pricing, distribution and promotion.Product Design and Development The organization needs to consider how the product will be produced i.e. the methods of manufacturing, materials and other resources to be used in the production. The company should assess whether the all these things including the production process are safe or they have any impacts on society or environment.The organization should also consider the potential use of the product/service. It needs to consider whether the product has the potential of being exploited and misused. The organization should take into consideration, the administration of the product after it has been used.Pricing The prices of the products/services should provide value to the customers. It should not necessarily be the lowest price on the market. However, the company should be able to convey the value to the customers that they are getting for the price they pay.Packaging and Labeling Packaging has an important role in terms of brand identity and is very critical for sale. However, there are growing concerns with regards to packaging due to environmental impacts of the discarded p ackaging.The organization should also ensure that the labeling provides clear information regarding the use of the products. If there are some potential health or safety hazards associated with the product, they should be clearly brought to notice of the customer through means of labeling.Distribution In terms of distribution, the organization should make sure that the products are freely accessible to the customers without any discrimination e.g. of geographies. If the business is heavily dependent upon retailing, there may be another set of ethical issues that may arise. With growing concentration of retail business, retailers have gained considerable power to exert influence over the customers as well as the suppliers. The retailer may get involved in unethical practices like stocking products for only some of the companies who pay them more margins. All these issues should be tackled carefully and the power of influence should be divided carefully.